Shared Flashcard Set

Details

Bacteria, Viruses, Protists, and Fungi
Chapters 20-22 of the Holt 9th Grade Biology Textbook
154
Biology
9th Grade
02/26/2014

Additional Biology Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
domains of prokaryotes
Definition
two major domains: bacteria (most prokaryotes) and archaea
Term
bacteria
Definition
organisms in the domains Bacteria and Archaea
Term
Archaea
Definition
prokaryotes that have some molecules similar to eukaryotes. they live in harsh environments.
Term
nucleoid
Definition
a large loop of the chromosome in the center of bacteria
Term
plasmids
Definition
small extra loops of DNA in bacteria
Term
peptidoglycan
Definition
a protein-carbohydrate compound making up the bacterial cell wall
Term
outer membrane
Definition
a membrane covering the cell wall in some bacteria (such as E. coli)
Term
Gram Staining
Definition
Used to classify bacteria, involves pink and dark purple dyes
Term
Gram-Positive Bacteria
Definition
thick layer of peptidoglycan, no outer membrane
Stain purple
Term
Gram-Negative Bacteria
Definition
thin layer of peptidoglycan, has outer membrane
Stain pink
Term
photoautotrophs
Definition
bacteria that get energy from the sun (photosynthesis)
Term
chemoautotrophs
Definition
get energy from inorganic molecules like sulfur and ammonia (the only organisms that can obtain energy from inorganic sources)
Term
heterotrophs
Definition
bacteria that use other organisms for food--absorb nutrients from dead organisms or obtain nutrients from living ones
Term
bacterial reproduction
Definition
Binary Fission
Produce two identical offspring
Mutations may occur
Term
conjugation
Definition
in prokaryotes, algae, and fungi, a type of sexual reproduction in which two cells join temporarily to recombine nuclear material
Term
transformation
Definition
the transfer of genetic material in the form of DNA fragments from one cell/organism to another
Term
transduction
Definition
the transfer of a bacterial gene from one bacterium to another through a virus
Term
pilius
Definition
a thin tube that attaches between two bacterial cells and is where conjugation occors
Term
endospore
Definition
a thick-walled protective spore that contains a copy of the DNA and some cytoplasm
Can survive harsh conditions
when conditions improve, endospore makes new bacteria
Term
Why are viruses not alive?
Definition
Not made of cells
Cannot reproduce on their own
Do not grow
Do not carry out metabolic activities
Do not maintain homeostasis
Term
structure of a virus
Definition
have nucleic acid (DNA or RNA), a capsid, and sometimes tail fibers or an envelope
Term
envelope
Definition
a membranelike layer that covers the capsids of some viruses and is covered by molecules that help the virus attach to its host cell
Term
capsid
Definition
a protein sheath that surrounds the nucleic acid core in a virus--the shape of the capsid proteins have to match the proteins on the surface of the host cell
Term
tail fibers
Definition
help viruses inject their genetic material into host cell
Term
viral reproduction
Definition
Virus injects its genetic material into host cell
If it has DNA: transcribed into mRNA
If it has RNA: used to make more RNA, transcribed into DNA then turned into mRNA
Term
lysogenic cycle
Definition
1. Virus attaches to host cell and injects its DNA
2. Viral DNA combines with host cell’s DNA
Combined DNA is called a prophage
3. Host cell divides normally and produces the viral DNA along with its own
3. Prophage may enter Lytic cycle
No new viruses produced
Host cell not destroyed
Viruses whose reproduction includes the lysogenic cycle are temperate virus
Term
prophage
Definition
an infecting virus
Term
lytic cycle
Definition
1. Virus attaches to host cell and injects its DNA
2. New viruses are made inside the host cell
3. Cell breaks open and releases viruses
4. Cycle may repeat
New viruses produced
Host cell destroyed
Viruses that reproduce only by the lytic cycle are called virulent
Term
viroid
Definition
a single strand of RNA with no capsid. it causes disease: inside a host cell, it can make new viroids that interfere with the host cell's growth.
Term
prion
Definition
A protein with an abnormal shape that attaches to normal proteins in the brain and causes them to stop functioning. As a result, brain tissue is destroyed.
Term
How do bacteria benefit ecosystems?
Definition
produce oxygen, make nitrogen, decompose dead organisms
Term
How do bacteria benefit other organisms?
Definition
relationships that benefit other organisms (ex: produce vitamin K in human large intestines)
Term
How do bacteria benefit industry?
Definition
make food (pickles, soy sauce), produce chemicals, extract valuable minerals (mining), clean oil spills, sewage treatment
Term
How do bacteria benefit scientific research?
Definition
genetic research, deliver genetic material directly to target cells
Term
Koch's Postulates
Definition
To identify disease causing pathogens
1. Pathogen found in an animal with the disease
2. Pathogen is isolated from the sick animal and grown in a laboratory culture
3. When the isolated pathogen is injected into a healthy animal, the animal must develop the disease
4. The pathogen should be taken from the second animal, grown in the lab, and shown to be the same as the original pathogen
Term
pathogens
Definition
disease-causing agents
Term
How do bacteria cause diseases?
Definition
They produce toxins (poisonous chemicals) or destroy body tissues using enzymes.
Term
antibiotic
Definition
a chemical that stops the growth of/kills bacteria
Term
antibiotic resistance
Definition
the evolution of bacteria that antibiotics are unable to kill
Term
contagious
Definition
diseases that can spread directly from person to person
Term
What are the consequences of antibiotic resistance?
Definition
We need to develop new drugs, and keep doing so when bacteria become resistant to them
Term
viral diseases
Definition
Only infect certain cells
Actions that bring the virus in contact with host cell can cause the disease
Symptoms can be caused by viruses’ toxic parts or the body’s reaction to the virus
Difficult to treat viral infections; hard to kill virus without harming host cell
Antibiotics do not work on viruses, vaccines used to prevent viral infection
Term
vaccine
Definition
contains a harmless form of a pathogen that prepares the immune system to recognize and destroy a pathogen before it causes a disease
Term
How do diseases emerge?
Definition
Diseases can be spread to new places or a new host when people come in contact with the virus in a new way. Environmental changes can cause a disease to emerge. An increase in antibiotic use may cause antibiotic resistant pathogens to emerge. A decrease in vaccination use may cause a disease to reemerge.
Term
All protists have/are…
Definition
Eukaryotic
membrane-bound organelles
complex cilia and flagella
gamete sexual reproduction
multicellular - specialized cells
Term
Asexual reproduction in protists
Definition
binary fission (unicellular) - duplicates DNA, divides in half
budding (unicellular and multicellular) - part of parent purposefully pinches off and forms a new organism
fragmentation (multicellular) - part of parent unintentionally breaks off and forms a new organism
Term
sexual reproduction in protists
Definition
Can reproduce sexually with gametes and zygotes
Many protists reproduce sexually in response to environmental stress
Term
zygospores
Definition
a thick-walled protective structure that may form to protect the diploid cell from harsh conditions, when harsh conditions are over, meiosis happens and new haploid cells break out and grow
Term
alteration of generations
Definition
An organism that can reproduce both sexually and asexually undergoes alternation of generations
Sporophyte generation - diploid, divide by meiosis to produce zoospores, divide by mitosis, grow to produce gametophytes
Gametophyte generation - haploid, divide by mitosis to produce gametes, join to make zygotes, divide by mitosis, grow to produce sporophytes
Term
sporophyte generation
Definition
the diploid, spore-producing phase of many multicellular protists
Term
gametophyte generation
Definition
the haploid, gamete-producing phase of many multicellular protists
Term
zygote
Definition
a fertilized egg
Term
gamete
Definition
a haploid reproductive cell that unites with another gamete to form a zygote
Term
alternation of generations
Definition
[image]
Term
lytic and lysogenic cycles
Definition
[image]
Term
grouping of protists
Definition
based on how they feed (helps us understand their roles)
Fungus-like, plant-like, and animal-like
Term
protozoans
Definition
animal-like protists
Term
pseudopodia
Definition
extensions of the cell membrane that many animal-like protists use to move and to capture prey
Term
animal-like protists
Definition
unicellular
most can move
most can reproduce asexually
heterotrophs
Term
amoeboids
Definition
use pseudopodia
found in fresh water, salt water, and soils
most free-living, some parasitic
Term
ciliates
Definition
paramecium
use cilia
tough, flexible outer covering
typically free-living
found in water
Term
flagellates
Definition
use flagella and sometimes cilia and sometimes pseudopodia
many free-living, some parasitic
Term
sporozoans
Definition
plasmodium
spore-like cells for reproduction
parasitic
cause disease
do not move
Term
plant-like protists
Definition
include phytoplankton and algae
major producers in aquatic ecosystems
most use photosynthesis
Term
diatoms
Definition
glassy double shells made of silica or calcium carbonate
unicellular
found in water
Term
euglenoids
Definition
flagella for movement
unicellular
fresh water
some heterotrophic
Term
dinoflagellates
Definition
typically two flagella
cellulose coats for protection
unicellular
usually salt water
some heterotrophic
Term
red algae
Definition
pigments that can absorb blue light in deep water
mostly multicellular
warm ocean environments
Term
brown algae
Definition
multicellular
found in cool ocean environments
have differentiated tissues
Term
green algae
Definition
cell walls contain cellulose
some unicellular, some multicellular
use same photosynthetic pigments as plants
Term
plasmodium
Definition
the multinucleate cytoplasm of a slime mold that is surrounded by a membrane and moves in a mass
Term
fungus-like protists
Definition
absorb nutrients from environment
reproduce using spores
molds, mildews, etc
parasites and decomposers
Term
seven diseases caused by protists
Definition
giardiasis, amoebic dysentery, toxoplasmosis, trichomoniasis, cryptosporidiosis, chagas' disease, malarie
Term
three ways disease-causing protists can infect humans
Definition
drinking water, eating undercooked meat, mosquitoes
Term
protists benefiting the ecosystem
Definition
make up most plankton in oceans (base of food chains there)
decomposers releasing nutrients
symbiotic protists (15% of all species on earth) help out other species
Term
algal bloom
Definition
rapid increase in population of algae in an ecosystem, which uses up oxygen when it dies and is decomposed, and releases toxins
Term
ways humans use protists
Definition
thickener in foods, gelatin capsulues in medicine, paints, fire-fighting foam, cosmetis, abrasives in cleaning agents and toothpastes, reflective roadway paint, insect control, scientific study
Term
pseudopodia
Definition
extensions of the cell membrane that many animal-like protists use to move and to capture prey
Term
animal-like protists
Definition
unicellular
most can move
most can reproduce asexually
heterotrophs
Term
amoeboids
Definition
use pseudopodia
found in fresh water, salt water, and soils
most free-living, some parasitic
Term
ciliates
Definition
paramecium
use cilia
tough, flexible outer covering
typically free-living
found in water
Term
flagellates
Definition
use flagella and sometimes cilia and sometimes pseudopodia
many free-living, some parasitic
Term
sporozoans
Definition
plasmodium
spore-like cells for reproduction
parasitic
cause disease
do not move
Term
plant-like protists
Definition
include phytoplankton and algae
major producers in aquatic ecosystems
most use photosynthesis
Term
diatoms
Definition
glassy double shells made of silica or calcium carbonate
unicellular
found in water
Term
euglenoids
Definition
flagella for movement
unicellular
fresh water
some heterotrophic
Term
dinoflagellates
Definition
typically two flagella
cellulose coats for protection
unicellular
usually salt water
some heterotrophic
Term
red algae
Definition
pigments that can absorb blue light in deep water
mostly multicellular
warm ocean environments
Term
brown algae
Definition
multicellular
found in cool ocean environments
have differentiated tissues
Term
green algae
Definition
cell walls contain cellulose
some unicellular, some multicellular
use same photosynthetic pigments as plants
Term
plasmodium
Definition
the multinucleate cytoplasm of a slime mold that is surrounded by a membrane and moves in a mass
Term
fungus-like protists
Definition
absorb nutrients from environment
reproduce using spores
molds, mildews, etc
parasites and decomposers
Term
seven diseases caused by protists
Definition
giardiasis, amoebic dysentery, toxoplasmosis, trichomoniasis, cryptosporidiosis, chagas' disease, malarie
Term
three ways disease-causing protists can infect humans
Definition
drinking water, eating undercooked meat, mosquitoes
Term
protists benefiting the ecosystem
Definition
make up most plankton in oceans (base of food chains there)
decomposers releasing nutrients
symbiotic protists (15% of all species on earth) help out other species
Term
algal bloom
Definition
rapid increase in population of algae in an ecosystem, which uses up oxygen when it dies and is decomposed, and releases toxins
Term
ways humans use protists
Definition
thickener in foods, gelatin capsulues in medicine, paints, fire-fighting foam, cosmetis, abrasives in cleaning agents and toothpastes, reflective roadway paint, insect control, scientific study
Term
pseudopodia
Definition
extensions of the cell membrane that many animal-like protists use to move and to capture prey
Term
animal-like protists
Definition
unicellular
most can move
most can reproduce asexually
heterotrophs
Term
amoeboids
Definition
use pseudopodia
found in fresh water, salt water, and soils
most free-living, some parasitic
Term
ciliates
Definition
paramecium
use cilia
tough, flexible outer covering
typically free-living
found in water
Term
flagellates
Definition
use flagella and sometimes cilia and sometimes pseudopodia
many free-living, some parasitic
Term
sporozoans
Definition
plasmodium
spore-like cells for reproduction
parasitic
cause disease
do not move
Term
plant-like protists
Definition
include phytoplankton and algae
major producers in aquatic ecosystems
most use photosynthesis
Term
diatoms
Definition
glassy double shells made of silica or calcium carbonate
unicellular
found in water
Term
euglenoids
Definition
flagella for movement
unicellular
fresh water
some heterotrophic
Term
dinoflagellates
Definition
typically two flagella
cellulose coats for protection
unicellular
usually salt water
some heterotrophic
Term
red algae
Definition
pigments that can absorb blue light in deep water
mostly multicellular
warm ocean environments
Term
brown algae
Definition
multicellular
found in cool ocean environments
have differentiated tissues
Term
green algae
Definition
cell walls contain cellulose
some unicellular, some multicellular
use same photosynthetic pigments as plants
Term
plasmodium
Definition
the multinucleate cytoplasm of a slime mold that is surrounded by a membrane and moves in a mass
Term
fungus-like protists
Definition
absorb nutrients from environment
reproduce using spores
molds, mildews, etc
parasites and decomposers
Term
seven diseases caused by protists
Definition
giardiasis, amoebic dysentery, toxoplasmosis, trichomoniasis, cryptosporidiosis, chagas' disease, malarie
Term
three ways disease-causing protists can infect humans
Definition
drinking water, eating undercooked meat, mosquitoes
Term
protists benefiting the ecosystem
Definition
make up most plankton in oceans (base of food chains there)
decomposers releasing nutrients
symbiotic protists (15% of all species on earth) help out other species
Term
algal bloom
Definition
rapid increase in population of algae in an ecosystem, which uses up oxygen when it dies and is decomposed, and releases toxins
Term
ways humans use protists
Definition
thickener in foods, gelatin capsulues in medicine, paints, fire-fighting foam, cosmetis, abrasives in cleaning agents and toothpastes, reflective roadway paint, insect control, scientific study
Term
common characteristics of fungi
Definition
threadlike bodies, cell walls make of chitin, absorb nutrients from the environment
Term
hyphae
Definition
long, thin filaments making up fungi
main body is made of loosely tangled hyphae, reproductive structures made of tightly arranged hyphae
Term
chitin
Definition
a tough carbohydrate forming part of the cell walls of fungi
Term
How does the structure of a fungus help it absorb nutrients?
Definition
long, thin hyphae give fungi a large surface area to absorb nutrients through
they break down materials using enzymes and then absorb the nutrients
Term
saprobe
Definition
an organism that absorbs nutrients from dead or decaying organic matter
Term
mycelium
Definition
the mass of hyphae that forms the body of a fungus
Term
rhizoid
Definition
in fungi, a rootlike structure that holds the organism in place and aids in absorption
Term
structure of hyphae
Definition
contain many cells that either don't have cell walls or have partial cell walls, allowing cytoplasm, nutrients, and organelles to flow
Term
septa
Definition
partial cell walls with large gaps, located in hyphae
Term
imperfect fungi
Definition
fungi without an observed sexual stage
Term
asexual reproduction in fungi
Definition
specialized hyphae form long stalks
haploid spores are produced using mitosis at the tips of the stalks
fungi growing from these are genetically identical to the parent
Term
sexual reproduction in fungi
Definition
hyphae from two fungi (one positive, one negative) fuse and form a reproductive structure
haploid nuclei fuse to form diploid nuclei
these undergo meiosis to produce haploid spores
Term
yeast
Definition
a unicellular state of a fungus that reproduces by budding (a part of a parent cell pinches off to form a new, identical cell)
Term
phyla of fungi
Definition
chytridiomycota, zygomycota, ascomycota, basidiomycota
Term
types of fungi
Definition
chytrids, zygote fungi, sac fungi, club fungi
Term
how do you make a plumber sad?
Definition
kill his family
Term
How do scientists classify fungi?
Definition
by their types of sexual reproductive structures
Term
chytrid fungi
Definition
Reproduce by producing spores or gametes with flagella
Many things in common with protists: live mostly in water, most have flagella, most unicellular
Many things in common with fungi:
chitin in cell walls, digest food outside bodies, have hyphae
Mainly saprobes, some parasitic
May have evolved from water protists that have flagella
Term
zygote fungi
Definition
Use a tough outer covering to protect zygotes
Reproduce sexually or asexually, mostly asexually
Sexual reproduction -
“+” and “-” mating types fuse
zygosporangium formed
when conditions are good, zygosporangium germinates and forms a sporangium
sporangium releases haploid spores
Asexual reproduction - haploid spores produced by meiosis inside a sporangium
Most feed on decaying plant matter, some can cause cancer
Term
sac fungi
Definition
Sexually and asexually, mostly asexually
Sexual reproduction -
“+” and “-” hyphae fuse
dikaryotic hyphae formed
hyphae form an ascocarp
asci form in the ascocarp
in asci, nuclei fuse to make diploid zygotes which undergo meiosis to make spores
Asexual reproduction - produce spores called conidia by mitosis that forms on specialized hyphae called conidiophores
Term
club fungi
Definition
Almost never reproduce asexually
Reproduction -
“+” and “-” fuse
basidiocarp (like a mushroom) formed
produces a basidium which produces spores
Term
How do fungi cause diseases in humans?
Definition
Fungi cause diseases in humans by absorbing nutrients from the tissues and producing toxins
Term
zygosporangium
Definition
a sexual structure that is formed by the fusion of two gametangia and that contains one ore more zygotes that resulted from the fusion of gametes produced by the gametangia
Term
dikaryotic
Definition
two nuclei
Term
ascocarp
Definition
a structure with dikaryotic cells that is full of zygotes
in sac fungi
Term
ascus
Definition
the spore sac where ascomycetes produce ascospores
Term
conidia
Definition
spores produced by mitosis in sac fungi
Term
basidium
Definition
a structure that produces asexual spores in club fungi
Term
lichen
Definition
a mass of fungal and algal cells that grow together in a symbiotic relationship and that are usually found on rocks or trees (fungus provides protection, vitamins, and minerals; algae supplies carbohydrates)
Term
mycorrhiza
Definition
a symbiotic association between fungi and plant roots (hyphae bring minerals to roots, plant supplies carbohydrates to fungus)
Term
fungi are used in/for…
Definition
Food: mushrooms, yeast, alcohol, blue cheese
Medicine and medical research
Alternative fuel: gasohol creates less pollution than gasoline
Pest control: fungi can kill harmful pests
Term
fungi in ecosystems
Definition
Decompose organisms and release nutrients into environment
One of the only organisms that can break down wood
Break down rocks and release nutrients into environment
Mycorrhizae bring minerals from soil to plant roots
Term
dermatophytes
Definition
fungi that infect the skin, hair, or nails
cause toenail fungus, ringworm, and athlete's foot
Term
yeast infections
Definition
fungal disease
if antibiotics, hormones or illness cause the yeast in the body to grow too much, occurs in mouth and reproductive organs
Term
histoplasmosis
Definition
fungal disease
if humans breath in spores from a fungus that grows on bat and bird feces, causes a serious respiratory disease
Term
Why are fungal diseases difficult to cure?
Definition
Fungal diseases can be difficult to cure because they are inside the host’s tissue, surface treatments can relieve symptoms, oral medication can cure but cause damage to liver or other organs
Term
aflatoxins
Definition
toxins created by a specific fungus
causes liver cancer
Supporting users have an ad free experience!