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bacteria, eukaria, fungi etc.
bacteria, eukaria, fungi etc.
90
Biology
Undergraduate 1
11/19/2008

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Term
how long ago was earth formed?
where did the O2 come from?
Definition
4.5 billion years ago
from photosynthetic cyanobacteria
Term
what have been produced in experiments by scientists?
Definition
amino acids, sugars, nucleotide bases
Term
"RNA world" idea
Definition
RNA came before cells because it can carry genetic information and can catalyze reactions (translation).
Term
endosymbiosis and the evidence therein.
Definition
the eukaryotic cell originated as a community of prokaryotes
1) mitochondria and chloroplasts have circular DNA
2) they are both surrounded by two membranes
3) they both have prokaryote-like ribosomes
4) they both divide by binary fission
Term
PROTISTA:
1) how diverse are they?
2) what are they a model for?
3) in the ocean, what are they?
4) what major gas do they produce?
5) what may have evolved from them?
Definition
1)they are very diverse
2) they are the simplest model for cellular differentiation
3) they make up mot "phytoplankton" at the base of the food chain in the ocean
4) they are a major producer of oxygen in the atmosphere
5)multicellular life may have evolved from colonial protists
Term
what do fungi use to store energy?
Definition
glycogen
Term
what category does Fungi fall under?
Definition
eukaryotic heterotrophs
Term
what is in the cell wall of fungi?
Definition
chitin
Term
how do Fungi digest their food?
Definition
externally. they secrete enzymes and then absorb organic molecules.
Term
what is the kind of fungi that is involved in mutualism? what do they do?
Definition
mycorrhizal fungi
they help the plant absorb h20 and minerals at the roots
Term
what kind of fungi lives in super harsh conditions? what kind of associations do they create?
Definition
lichens. they are symbiotic associations.
Term
how is nitrogen fixation by bacteria important?
Definition
bacteria convert nitrogen into forms that plants can use to build nitrogenous bases (nucleotides) and amino acids
Term
fungi does what? (and also breaks down...)
Definition
Fungi decompose dead organisms and recycle them. They also break down cellulose.
Term
how do fungi eliminate their competition?
Definition
they kill bacteria so that they have more dead things to eat. however, bacteria can adapt and become resistant.
Term
when did mass extinction occur?
Definition
between 500 and 600 million years ago
Term
VIRUS
Definition
parasitic chemical that can only reproduce within a living organism. viruses are not living.
Term
how do viruses work?
Definition
they copy RNA to DNA using reverse transcriptase
Term
how do new viruses arise?
Definition
they spread to new organisms when an ecosystem has been disturbed
Term
what domains does prokaryotes include?
Definition
archae and bacteria domains
Term
do prokaryotes have a nucleus or organelles?
Definition
no, they are structurally simple.
Term
what are the oldest and most numerous life forms?
Definition
prokaryotes
Term
plants are...
Definition
phototrophs!
Term
what are some characteristics of plants?
what kind of tissue do they have?
Definition
they are self-feeders, they prevent soil erosion
they have vascular tissue
Term
what does the cuticle of a plant do?
Definition
it reduces water loss with its waxy coating and allows gas exchange
Term
what do the roots do?
what are they aided by?
Definition
they absorb water and minerals and support the plant.
they are aided by mycorrhizal fungi.
Term
what are the well-defined evolutionary groups that are mostly multicellular?
Definition
Animalia, Plantae, Fungi
Term
what kingdom is very diverse and unicellular?
Definition
protista
Term
stem
what does surrounding water do?
Definition
supports plant and may perform photosynthesis.
surrounding water supports the algae
Term
what is the nucleus of a eukaryote like?
Definition
it is membrane-bound
Term
what does the fact that fungi have chitin in their cell wall show about them?
Definition
it shows that they are more closely related to animals than to plants.
Term
selection that favor two or more extreme phenotypes is called
Definition
disruptive selection
Term
The idea that geological processes have occurred in the past as they are occurring today is characterized as
Definition
uniformitarianism
Term
How are artificial selection and natural selection similar?
Definition
They both select for specific traits within a population.
Term
The loss of genetic diversity is associated with
Definition
a population bottleneck
Term
does genetic drift reduce or increase the genetic variation in a population?>
Definition
reduce
Term
The effect of genetic drift is much more significant in ________ populations.
Definition
small
Term
If the frequency of an allele reaches 1.0, the allele is said to be
Definition
fixed
Term
A gradual change from an ancestral type was referred to by Darwin as:
Definition
descent with modification
Term
The relatively short term changes in allele frequencies within a species or population is:
Definition
microevolution
Term
Its observable properties,
The action of single and/or multiple genes,
Usually influenced by environment
Definition
the phenotype
Term
the first land vertebrates?
Definition
amphibians
Term
The mode of natural selection in which one extreme phenotype is fittest and the environment selects against the others is:
Definition
Directive selection
Term
The mode of natural selection in which extreme phenotypes are less fit than the optimal intermediate phenotype is:
Definition
stabilizing selection
Term
Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium occurs only in populations that meet which of the following requirements?
Definition
Mutations do not occur,
Individuals mate at random
incorrect, Natural selection does not occur
Term
stiff notocord
Definition
a flexible rod that forms beneath the nerve cord
Term
when did amniotic eggs come to be?
Definition
Term
fishes are about ____ of all vertebrates?
Definition
half
Term
what do fish have?
Definition
jaws (came from folding ribs), lungs (internal sac-like structure for gas-exchange), 1st to have backbone
Term
If you wanted to do the following, what would you use?
dentify missing persons,
Establish genetic relationships,
Identify remains,
Identify disease-causing genes
Definition
PCR
Term
The process used to determine the order of bases in DNA
Definition
DNA sequencing
Term
The process used to determine the order of bases in DNA
Definition
DNA sequencing
Term
The process used to rapidly produce DNA sequences of interest
Definition
PCR
Term
Since polymerase chain reaction requires a heating process the DNA polymerase that is used comes from a bacterium living in hot or cold environment?
Definition
HOT- hot springs
Term
what does DNA sequence do?
Definition
Explain how the cell turns each gene on or off,
How the gene's encoded protein folds into its final shape,
Explain the function of the protein,
incorrect, Explain what happens if the gene mutates
Term
To make DNA from mRNA, or if a scientist wanted a bacterium to produce a human protein, what technique would they use?
Definition
reverse transciptase
Term
macroevolution
Definition
the large-scale changes in the diversity of biological organisms.
Term
How does a difference in chromosome number lead to hybrid infertility?
Definition
Meiosis is blocked, so gametes cannot form.
Term
Polyploidy represents a ______ type of reproductive barrier.
Definition
postzygotic
Term
Why is a species with a small population more likely to undergo an extinction?
Definition
there will be less genetic diversity
Term
The difference between a mass extinction and the background extinction rate is
Definition
the # of species involved and the time period involved
Term
The types of living organisms on Earth have changed over time, new species have originated and existing species have disappeared. The term that best describes this ever changing panorama of life is:
Definition
macroevolution
Term
Ernst Mayr defined a biological species as:
Definition
A population or group of populations that can interbreed and produce fertile offspring
Term
Polyploidy
Definition
Having three or more sets of chromosomes
Term
A tetraploid (four sets of chromosomes) plant species would normally be ______________; whereas a plant species with three sets of chromosomes would normally be ______________. This is due to whether or not meiosis may be completed correctly.
Definition
Fertile; infertile.
Term
Gradualism
Definition
The idea that evolution proceeds in small, incremental changes over many generations
Term
Punctuated equilibrium
Definition
The idea that evolution proceeds with long periods of stasis with relatively brief bursts of fast evolutionary change
Term
what are the steps of natural selection? (5)
Definition
individuals have traits that vary, they pass this variation onto their offspring, their are too many offspring for all to survive due to limited resources, those that are most suited for their environment are most likely to survive and pass their alleles to offspring, and therefore over time favorable alleles become more frequent and unfavorable alleles less frequent
Term
By using fossil evidence, paleontologists have concluded that most species exist from
Definition
One million to ten million years before extinction
Term
It is believed that the two main reasons for mass extinctions in Earth's history have been:
Definition
Impact of Earth with a large celestial body and shifting of Earth's continents
Term
Phylogenies
Definition
Evolutionary trees, Depict species' relationships based on descent from shared ancestors
Term
Biological species..
Definition
a population or group of populations whose members can interbreed and produce fertile offspring.
Term
What must occur in order for natural selection to occur in an "RNA world"?
Definition
RNA molecules must undergo mutations, RNA molecules must replicate.
Term
Which of the following provides the strongest support for the idea that mitochondria were once independent organisms?
Definition
They have their own DNA and ribosomes.
Term
The Primate order arose about how many years ago?
Definition
60 million years ago
Term
Hominids include:
Definition
Humans
Orangutans
Chimpanzees
Gorillas
Term
when did the earliest cells arise?
Definition
3.5 billion years ago.
Term
do bacteria have membrane-bound organelles?
Definition
no
Term
The primary component making up the cell walls of bacteria is:
Definition
peptidoglycan
Term
transduction
Definition
A type of horizontal gene transfer in prokaryotes in which a cell receives bacterial DNA from a bacteriophage
Term
transformation
Definition
A type of horizontal gene transfer in prokaryotes in which a cell takes up naked DNA without cell to cell contact
Term
bacteria can multiply rapidly because of what 3 things?
Definition
they have a lot of genetic diversity, the multiply so rapidly (short generation time), and horizontal gene transfer
Term
which is the smallest unit that can evolve?
Definition
population
Term
genetic drift
Definition
chance changes in the gene pool of a SMALL POPULATION. (random)
Term
bottleneck
Definition
drastic reduction in a population size due to a disaster
Term
what is the order from 1st cells to 1st mammals?
Definition
1st cells, eukaryotic cells, multicellular life, 1st land plants, 1st land animals (arthropods), 1st amphibians, 1st reptiles, 1st mammals
Term
did we evolve from chimpanzees? or do we share a common ancestor?
Definition
common ancestor
Term
trade the human species from domain to species
Definition
domain: eukaryote, kingdom: animalia, phylum: chordata subphylum: veterebra, class: mammals, order: primate, family: hominids, genus: homo, species: sapiens
Term
in order for hardy equilibrium to be in place, what 5 things must happen?
Definition
1) no mutations 2)large population size 3)random mating 4)no migration 5)no natural selection
Term
tunicates and lancelets are in what subphylum?
Definition
urochodata (no backbone)
Term
fishes have what 3 things? what were they the 1st to have?
Definition
they have jaws, which came from folding ribs; lungs; backbone
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