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B.F. Skinner
Behavioral Theory of Personality/Learning
45
Psychology
Undergraduate 2
12/07/2010

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Term
acquisition
Definition
o The part of the operant conditioning in which an operant response is followed by a reinforcer, thereby increasing the rate with which the response occurs.
Term
avoidance contingency
Definition
o Situation in which the organism can avoid an aversive stimulus by engaging in appropriate activity.
Term
behavior therapy
Definition
o Approach to treating behavior disorders that is based on any one of several learning theories.
Term
classical conditioning
Definition
o Type of conditioning studied by Ivan Pavlov and used by J.B. Watson as a model for his version of behaviorism.
Term
conditioned response (CR)
Definition
o Response similar to an unconditioned response that is elicited by a previously neutral stimulus (CS)
Term
conditioned stimulus (CS)
Definition
o Stimulus that, before classical conditioning principles are applied, is biologically neutral; that is, it does not elicit a natural reaction from an organism.
Term
contingency contracting
Definition
o Agreement between two people that when one acts in an appropriate way, the other one gives him or her something of value.
Term
contingency management
Definition
o Purposive manipulation of reinforcement contingencies so they encourage desirable behavior
Term
continuous reinforcement
Definition
o Schedule of reinforcement that reinforces a desired response each time it occurs
Term
cultural engineering
Definition
o Use of contingency management in designing culture
Term
culture
Definition
o According to Skinner, a set of reinforcement contingencies
Term
differential reinforcement
Definition
o Situation in which some responses are reinforced and others are not
Term
escape contingency
Definition
o Situation in which as organism must respond in a certain way to escape from an aversive stimulus.
o All negative reinforcement involves an escape contingency
Term
extinction
Definition
o Weakening of an operant response by removing the reinforcer that had been following the response during acquisition.
o When a response returns to its operant level, it has been extinguished.
Term
fixed interval reinforcement schedule (FI)
Definition
o Reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response that is made only after a specified interval of time has passed
Term
fixed ratio reinforcement schedule (FR)
Definition
o Reinforcement schedule that reinforces every nth response
Term
functional analysis
Definition
o Skinner’s approach to research that attempted to relate measurable environmental events to measurable behavior and bypass cognitive and physiological processes altogether
Term
negative reinforcement
Definition
o Type of reinforcement that occurs when a response removes a primary or secondary negative reinforcer
Term
operant behavior
Definition
o Behavior that cannot be linked to any known stimulus and therefore appears to be emitted rather that elicited
Term
operant conditioning
Definition
o Modification of response strength by manipulation of the consequences of the response.
o Responses that are followed by a reinforcer gain in strength
o Responses not followed by a reinforcer become weaker
Term
operant level
Definition
o Frequency with which an operant response is made before it is systematically reinforced
Term
partial reinforcement effect (PRE)
Definition
o Fact that a partially or intermittently reinforced response will take longer to extinguish that a response on a continuous or 100% schedule of reinforcement
Term
partial reinforcement schedule
Definition
o Schedule of reinforcement that sometimes reinforcers a desired response and sometimes does not.
o In other words, the response is maintained on a schedule of reinforcement somewhere between 100% and 0%
Term
positive reinforcement
Definition
o Type of reinforcement that occurs when a response makes available a primary or secondary positive reinforcer
Term
primary negative reinforcement
Definition
o Negative reinforcer that threatens an organism’s survival—for example, pain or oxygen deprivation
Term
primary positive reinforcement
Definition
o Positive reinforcer that enhances an organism’s survival—for example, food or water
Term
punishment
Definition
o Either removing a positive reinforcer or presenting a negative reinforcer
Term
radical behaviorism
Definition
o The version of behaviorism proposed by J.B. Watson by which only direct observable events, such as stimuli and responses, should constitute the subject matter of psychology.
o Reference to all internal events can be, and should be, avoided.
o Skinner accepted this version of behaviorism
Term
rate of responding
Definition
o Used by Skinner to demonstrate operant conditioning
o If a response is followed by a reinforcer, that rate of frequency with which it is made will increase
o Is a response is not followed by a reinforcer, its rate or frequency will stay the same (if it is at its operant level) or will decrease
Term
respondent behavior
Definition
o Behavior that is elicited by a known stimulus
Term
respondent conditioning
Definition
o Another term for classical or Pavlovian conditioning
Term
secondary negative reinforcer
Definition
o Negative reinforcer that derives it reinforcing properties through its association with a primary negative reinforcer
Term
secondary positive reinforcer
Definition
o Positive reinforcer that derives its reinforcing properties through its association with a primary positive reinforcer
Term
shaping
Definition
o Gradual development of a response that an organism does not normally make
o Requires differential reinforcement and successive approximations
Term
skinner box
Definition
o Small experimental chamber that Skinner invented to study operant conditioning
Term
successive approximations
Definition
o Situation in which only those responses that are increasingly similar to the one ultimately desired are reinforced
Term
time our from reinforcement
Definition
o A form of punishment by which an organisms is denied access to positive reinforcers that are normally available in the situation for a specified interval of time
Term
token economies
Definition
o Example of Skinnerian behavior therapy that usually occurs within an institutional setting such as a psychiatric hospital or a school.
o Within a token economy, desirable behavior is reinforced by tokens (or sometimes points or cards) that can subsequently be traded for desirable objects or events such as food, cigarettes, privacy, or a choice of a television program.
Term
type R conditioning
Definition
o Term Skinner used to describe the conditioning of operant or emitted behavior to emphasize the importance of the response (R) to such conditioning
Term
unconditioned response (UR)
Definition
o Natural, automatic response elicited by and unconditioned stimulus (US)
Term
type S conditioning
Definition
o Term Skinner used to describe classical conditioning to emphasize the importance of the stimulus (S) to such conditioning
Term
unconditioned stimulus (US)
Definition
o Stimulus that elicits an automatic, natural response from an organism
o Also called a primary reinforcer because conditioning ultimately depends on the presence of a US.
Term
variable interval reinforcement schedule (VI)
Definition
o Reinforcement schedule in which a certain average time interval must pass before a response will be reinforced
Term
variable ratio reinforcement schedule (VR)
Definition
o Reinforcement schedule in which a certain average number of responses need to be made before reinforcement is obtained
Term
Walden Two
Definition
o Novel written by Skinner to show how his learning principles could be applied to cultural engineering
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