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audit test 2
ACCT 407 lawson
203
Accounting
Graduate
11/05/2011

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Term
sampling
Definition
objective is to make a statement about a population of interest by examining a subset of that population
Term
sample
Definition
subset of a population
Term
1. evaluation of internal control
2. conducting substantive procedures
Definition
two major stages in the audit examining where sampling is used
Term
to determine whether the client's account balances or classes of transactions are recorded and presented in conformity with generally accepted accounting principles
Definition
purpose of conducting substantive procedures
Term
to determine whether important control policies and procedures are functioning as intended to prevent and detect material financial material misstatements
Definition
purpose of evaluating internal control
Term
type 2 beta errors
Definition
what error type are auditors most concerned with?
Term
incorrectly accepting a hypothesis
Definition
what is a type 2 beta error
Term
accounting distributions are generally more skewed than distributions of other data (more low dollar items or items without errors than high dollar items or items with errors)
Definition
Term
1. the need for exact information is not important
2. the number of items comprising the population is large
Definition
sampling is typically used when the question of interest has the following two characteristics
Term
sampling trades effectiveness for EFFICIENCY
Definition
Term
sampling risk
Definition
possibility that the decision made based on the sample differs from the conclusion that would have been made if the entire population had been examined
Term
sampling errors
Definition
caused when the sample drawn from the population does not appropriately represent that opulation; when decisions made based ont he sample differ from decisions that would be made if the entire population were examined
Term
sampling risk
Definition
likelihood of sampling error
Term
non representative sample
Definition
a sample that differs substantially on one or more key characteristics of interest from the population from which the sample is drawn
Term
1. determining an appropriate sample size
2. ensuring that all items have an equal opportunity to be selected
3. evaluating sample results to control sampling risk
Definition
three major steps that can control sampling risk in the sampling process
Term
non sampling risk
Definition
represents the probability that an incorrect conclusion will be reached due to reasons unrelated to the nature of the sample
Term
non sampling risk
(caused by evaluator error)
Definition
arises because of audit errors in judgment or execution
Term
sampling plans (statistical sampling plans)
Definition
allow risk to be measured and controlled to acceptable levels
Term
statistical sampling methods
Definition
enable the audit team to make quantitative statements about ht results and to measure the sufficiency of evidence gathered and evaluate the results in such a way to control sampling risk
Term
generally accepted auditing standards do not require use of statistical sampling
Definition
Term
planning
performing
evaluating

see word doc notes
Definition
major steps of sampling
Term
1.determine the objective of sampling
2. define the characteristic of interest
3. define the population
Definition
components of the planning step of sampling
Term
4. determine the sample size
5. select the sample items
6. measure the sample items
Definition
components of the performing step of sampling
Term
statistical sampling plans allow determining a sample size that measures and controls exposure to sampling risk
Definition
Term
1. unrestricted random selection
2. systematic random selection
3. haphazard selecion
4. block selection
Definition
four methods used to select a sample
Term
unrestricted random selection/random selection
Definition
items are selected from a population so that each item has an equal chance of being selected
Term
unrestricted random selection
Definition
can only be used when items in the population are numbered or can easily be assigned a number
Term
inventory/AP
AP/cash

Prpds/cash
exp/prds

ppe/np
np/cash
depr exp/ad
Definition
typical entries for the acquisition and expenditures cycle
Term
inventory/AP
AP/cASH

Prpds/cash
exp/prds

ppe/np
np/cash
deprexp/adleteness: every liability and expense that shouldve been recorded is recorded (search for unrecorded liab)
4. valuation or allocation: our liab and related purchases are valued at the correct amount
Definition
typical entries for the acquisition and expenditures cycle
Term
1. physically purchasing the goods/services - includes the authorization to make the purchase
2. physically receive the good/service
3. recording the asset/expense and related liability
4. paying the liability (AP, NP,etc)
Definition
basic activities for acquisition and expenditure cycle
Term
purchase requisition
purchase order (an approved requisition)
receiving report (includes bill of lading)
vendor's invoice
voucher package


invoice
check/pmt
Definition
major documents of the acq/exp cycle
Term
unrestricted random selection (random selection)
Definition
items are selected from a population so that each item has an equal chance of being selected
Term
1. a series of random numbers is identified by either a random number table or computer program
2. the random numbers are matched to numbered items in the corresponding population
Definition
two step procedures for the use of random selection
Term
systematic random selection
Definition
the individual randomly selects a starting point from within the population and examines every nth item thereafter, where n is determine based on the number of items in the population and the necessary sample size
Term
systematic selection
Definition
ensures that all items have an equal probability of selection while providing a more efficient method of selecting items than unrestricted random selection
Term
1. determine the necessary sampling interval
2. select a random starting point from within the population (a number equal to or less than the sampling interval) and select the item in the population corresponding to this number
3. add the sampling interval to the random starting point. the item in the population corresponding to this number is the next item selected.
4. add the sampling interval to the total from above. the item in the population corresponding to this number will be the next item selected
5. repeat step 4 until the number of items equal to the necessary sample size is selected
Definition
basic steps used in systematic selection
Term
sampling interval
Definition
identifies the frequency with which items are selected within the population in a systematic selection; determined by dividing the number of items in a population by the necessary sample size
Term
haphazard selection
Definition
items are selected in an unstructured manner but without any intentional bias
Term
can't duplicate (whereas in random selection or systematic selection you can)
Definition
limitation of haphazard selection
Term
block selection
Definition
involves selecting a series of contiguous or adjacent items from the population
Term
random or systematic selection used with statistical sampling
Definition
Term
1. provide a reasonable likelihood of obtaining a representative sample
2. allow the probability of obtaining sample items to be determined
3. allow the sample selection process to be replicated
Definition
3 reasons why random or systematic selection used with statistical sampling?
Term
precision/allowance for sampling risk
Definition
the numeric distance from the estimated population value i which the true but unknown population value may lie with a given probability
Term
reliability/confidence level
Definition
the likelihood of achieving a given level of precision
Term
precision interval
Definition
a range around the sample estimate that has a certain likelihood (equal to reliability) of including the true population value
Term
audit sampling
Definition
application of an audit procedure to less than 100% of the items within an account balance or class of transactions for the prupose of evaluating some characteristic of the blaance or class
Term
controls that are tested once or infrequently when effective information technology general controls are present, segregation of duties or other controls that don't provide documentary evidence of performance, certain controls related to the control environment when the audit team is not interested in estimating a rate of deviation (mgmt integrity etc)
Definition
controls whose evaluation would not involve sampling
Term
1. less than 100% of the items composing the population must be examined
2. the results of the sample must be projected to the population being examined
3. the projected results must be compared to some existing criterion
Definition
3 conditions that must be met for an application to be classified as audit sampling
Term
rate of deviation
Definition
the rate at which internal control activities are not functioning
Term
tolerable rate of deviation
Definition
some permissible rate by the audit team regarding the rate at which internal control activities are not functioning
Term
attributes sampling
Definition
use of sampling in evaluating intern control activities
Term
tolerable misstatement
Definition
the permissible amount of dollar misstatement in the account balance or class of transactions
Term
variables sampling
Definition
the use of sampling in determining whether the client's account balances are fairly stated according to GAAP
Term
attributes sampling
Definition
used when the audit team examinees a subset of items within a population to determine the extent to which a particular attribute exists within that population
Term
audit risk
Definition
the risk that auditors will unknowingly fail to modify their opinion on financial statements that are materially misstated
Term
attributes sampling
Definition
what kind of sampling is used in assessing control risk
Term
1. identify key controls to be relied upon
2. make preliminary/planned assessment of control risk
3. perform tests of controls on key controls*
4. assess effectiveness of key controls
5. confirm or reassess level of control risk*
Definition
the general procedure used by the audit team to assess control risk, and when to use attributes sampling during it
Term
provide a final assessment of control risk
Definition
ultimate objective of attributes sampling
Term
Tolerable Rate of Deviation/TRB
Definition
maximum rate of deviation that could exist before auditors would reduce reliance on a control in evaluating the effectiveness of client's controls
Term
upper limit rate of deviation, ULRD
Definition
provides a conservative measure of the sample rate of deviation hat allows the audit team to control exposure to sampling risk
Term
if ULRD is less than or equal to the tolerable rate of deviation, auditors rely on controls as planned and maintain their assessment of control risk at planned levels
Definition
Term
risk of under reliance; risk of assessing control risk too high
Definition
the auditors' sample results in the decision to reduce their reliance eon internal control, which results in higher assessments of control risk
Term
risk of over reliance/risk of assessing control risk too low
Definition
inappropriately relying on internal control and maintaining the assessment of control risk at lower levels
Term
variables sampling
Definition
used to examine a population when auditors want to estimate the amount/value of some characteristic of that population
Term
variables sampling
Definition
what type of sampling do auditors use when performing substantive procedures to evaluate the fairness of an account balance or class of transactions
Term
detection risk
Definition
the risk that the auditors' substantive procedures (both tests of details and analytical procedures) will fail to detect a material misstatement that exists within an account balance
Term
the extent of substantive procedures is most closely associated with the use of variables sampling
Definition
Term
audited value/audited balance
Definition
the true/correct amount at which the item should be recorded when performing variables sampling
Term
classical variables sampling
monetary unit (MUS) sampling
Definition
two statistical sampling approaches with variables sampling
Term
classical variables sampling
Definition
uses the laws of probability and the central limit theorem to estimate either the amount of misstatement in the account balance or the audited value
Term
monetary unit sampling MUS
Definition
provides auditors an estimate of the amount of misstatement in the account balance; selects larger transactions
Term
sample estimate of misstatement
Definition
the difference between the recorded account balance and the audited account balance
Term
tolerable misstatement
Definition
the amount of misstatement that auditors are willing to allow in an account without concluding that it is materially misstated
Term
upper limit on misstatement ULM
Definition
adds precision to the sample estimate of misstatement
Term
risk of over reliance
risk of under reliance
Definition
risks in attribute sampling
Term
risk of incorrect acceptance
risk of incorrect rejection
Definition
risks of variables sampling
Term
dual purpose tests
Definition
when auditors examine documents for both attributes and monetary misstatements
Term
1. population size
2. the expected rate of deviation/misstatement
3. tolerate rate of deviation/misstatement
4. auditors' acceptable exposure to sampling risk
Definition
four key factors affecting the auditors' determination of sample size
Term
population size has direct relationship with sample size
Definition
Term
expected rate of deviation has direct relationship with sample size
Definition
Term
tolerable rate of deviation has inverse relationship with sample size
Definition
Term
inverse
Definition
what kind of relationship does sampling risk have with sample size
Term
direct
Definition
what kind of relationship does population variability have with sample size
Term
standard deviation
Definition
population variability/standard error of the mean
Term
statistical sampling methods
Definition
control the individual's exposure to sampling risk by selecting a sufficient sample size and evaluating sample results in such a way to control sampling risk
Term
non statistical sampling
Definition
a sampling plan that does not apply the laws of probability to select sample items for examination and evaluate sample results; doesn't allow an individual to control exposure to sampling risk
Term
reliability/confidence level
Definition
the likelihood of achieving a given level of precision
Term
rate of deviation
Definition
the rate at which internal control activities are not functioning as intended
Term
standard deviation/standard error of the mean
Definition
a measure of the variability of the population calculated by summing the squared differences between each item in the population and the population mean
Term
attributes sampling
Definition
used to determine the extent to which some attributes exists within a population of interest
Term
accuracy and occurrence
Definition
two important assertions about events in the revenue cycle
Term
attributes sampling
Definition
employed to verify the audit team's assessment of control risk
Term
occurrence
completeness
cutoff
accuracy
classification
Definition
main assertions in the revenue cycle
Term
deviation (error, occurrence or exception)
Definition
refers to instances in which the client and/or its personnel do not follow prescribed controls; when controls are not functioning as intended
Term
population
Definition
the set of all items about which a conclusion is desired
Term
physical representation of the population
Definition
the frame of reference that audit team uses in selecting the sample; also referred to as the source of the sample
Term
sample risk/risk of over reliance
tolerable rate of deviation
expected population deviation rte
population size
Definition
four main factors that influence the sample size in an attributes sampling application
Term
tolerate rate of deviation TRD
Definition
maximum rate of deviations permissible by the audit team without modifying the planned assessed level of control risk
Term
expected population deviation rate
Definition
some level of exceptions/deviations that occurs in the client's internal control policies
Term
allowance for sampling risk/precision
Definition
the proximity of a sample estimate to the maximum rate of deviation at a given confidence level
Term
identify the objective of sampling
define a deviation condition
define the population
Definition
planning the sample steps
Term
determine sample size
select the sample
measure the sample items
Definition
basics of the sampling plan
Term
sample rate of deviation SRD
Definition
represents the rate of deviations from key controls noted by the audit team in their sample
Term
divide the number of deviations noted int the sample by the sample size
Definition
how to calculate SRD sample rate of deviation
Term
upper limit rate of deviation ULRD
Definition
provides a conservative estimate of he population rate of deviation that allows the audit team to control exposure to sampling risk to acceptable levels
Term
allowance for sampling risk
Definition
ULRD - SRD
Term
fixed sampling plan
Definition
the audit team selects and evaluates a single sample
Term
sequential sampling plan
Definition
stop and go sampling; provides flexibility and efficiency
Term
sequential sampling methods
Definition
provide the audit team the opportunity to draw conclusions using a smaller sample than a traditional fixed sampling plan
Term
discover sampling
Definition
form of attributes sampling that is used when deviations from controls are very critical yet are expected to occur at a relatively low rate
Term
attributes sampling
Definition
used to evaluate operating effectiveness of internal control
Term
control risk
Definition
the probability that an entity's controls will fail to prevent or detect material misstatements due to errors or frauds that would otherwise have entered the system
Term
internal control
Definition
a process, effected by an entity's board of directors, mgmt, and other personnel, designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the achievement of objectives in the following three categories:
1. reliability of financial reporting
2. effectiveness and efficiency of operations
3. compliance with applicable laws and regulations
Term
1. financial reporting
2. operations
3. compliance
Definition
internal control is designed to achieve mgmt objectives in three categories:
Term
control environment
risk assessment
control activities
monitoring
information and communication
Definition
5 components of COSO
Term
integrity and ethical values
board of directors
mgmt's philosophy/operating style
financial reporting competencies
organizational structure
authority/responsibility
human resources
Definition
general principles of an effective internal control environment
Term
audit committee
Definition
subcommittee of the board of directors that is generally composed of three to six outside members of the organization's board of directors
Term
business risks
Definition
factors, events, and conditions that can prevent the organization from achieving its business objectives, including effective financial reporting
Term
control activities
Definition
specific actions taken by a client's mgmt and employees to help ensure that mgmt directives are carried out
Term
integration with risk assessment
selection and development of control activities
policies and procedures
information technology
Definition
principles of control activities
Term
preventive controls
Definition
procedures that prevent misstatements before they occur
Term
detective controls
Definition
procedures that detect misstatements after they occur
Term
performance reviews
separation of duties
phsyical controls
information processing controls
Definition
control activities
Term
authorization
recording
custody of assets
reconciliation
Definition
four types of functional responsibilities that should be separated
Term
information technology general controls (ITGC)
Definition
apply to all applications systems and help ensure their continued proper operations
Term
general controls
application controls
Definition
two categories of computerized information processing controls
Term
information technology application controls (ITAC)
Definition
include computerized steps within the application software and related manual procedures to control the information processing
Term
input
Definition
weakest point in computerized systems
Term
input controls
Definition
designed to provide reasonable assurance that data received for processing by the information processing department have been authorized properly and converted into machine sensitive form and that information has not been lost, suppressed, added, duplicated, or improperly changed
Term
processing controls
Definition
refer to error-condition check routines written into the computer program; designed to provide reasonable assurance that information processing has been performed as intended without any omission or double counting of transactions
Term
output controls
Definition
the final check o the accuracy of the results of computerized processing
Term
financial reporting information
internal control information
internal communication
external communication
Definition
principles of information and communication controls for financial reporting
Term
entity level controls ELCs
Definition
controls that are pervasive to the financial statements taken as a whole
Term
transaction level controls
Definition
controls that pertain to specific classes of transactions, account balances, and disclosures
Term
design effectiveness
Definition
determines whether the controls over financial reporting, if operating effectively, would be expected to prevent or detect errors for fraud that could result in a material misstatement int eh financial statements
Term
walk through
Definition
consists of a combination of inquiry of personnel, observation of entity operations, and document examination while tracing one or more transactions through the audit trail from initiation of the transaction to its inclusion int eh financial statements
Term
operating effectiveness
Definition
whether the control is operating as designed and whether the person performing the control possesses the necessary authority and qualifications to perform the control effectively
Term
conduct an interview with managers with an internal control questionnaire
Definition
most efficient means to begin gathering evidence about an entity's internal control
Term
narrative description
Definition
audit documentation that describes the environmental elements, the accounting system, and the control activities in an entity's internal control
Term
bridge work paper
Definition
connects the control evaluation to subsequent audit procedures
Term
inquiry
observation
document examination
re performance
Definition
four methods of testing controls
Term
re-performance
Definition
most effective test of controls
Term
vouching=occurrence
tracing=completeness
Definition
Term
substantive procedures
Definition
detail audit and analytical procedures designed to detect material misstatements in account balances and footnote disclosures
Term
internal control deficiency
Definition
exists when the deign or operation of a control doesn't allow the entity's mgmt or employees to detect or prevent misstatements in a timely fashion
Term
significant deficiency
Definition
an internal control deficiency that is less sever than a material weakness but important enough to merit attention by those charged with governance
Term
material weakness
Definition
an internal controls deficiency that results in a reasonable possibility that a material misstatement would not be prevented or detected on a timely basis
Term
unqualified
disclaimer of opinion (cannot perform all of the procedures necessary)
adverse opinion: one or more material weaknesses exist
Definition
types of opinions for the effectiveness of internal control
Term
fraud
Definition
consists of knowingly making material misrepresentations of fact with the intent of inducing someone to believe the falsehood and act upon it and, thus, suffer a loss or damage
Term
employee fraud (misappropriation assets or defalcation)
Definition
the use of fraudulent means to take money or other property from an employer
Term
embezzlement
Definition
a type of fraud involving employees or non employees wrongfully taking money or property entrusted to their care, custody and control, often accompanied by false accounting entries and other forms of lying and cover up
Term
larceny
Definition
simple theft
Term
motive
opportunity
rationalization
Definition
the probability of fraud is a function of three factors:
Term
motivation
opportunity
rationalization
Definition
the three aspects of the fraud triangle, where when one or two of the factors are present the probability of fraud increases
Term
motive
Definition
some type of pressure experienced by a person and believed unsharable with friends and confidants
Term
cash
Definition
primary target of employee fraud
Term
1. receiving an processing customer orders
2. delivering goods/services to customers
3. billing customers and accounting for AR
4. collecting/depositing cash rcvd from customers
5. reconciling bank statements
Definition
basic activities int he revenue and collection cycle
Term
1. purchasing goods and services
2. paying the bills
Definition
basic acquisition and expenditure activities
Term
lock box
Definition
arrangement in which payments re remitted by customers to an external location and a fiduciary opens the box, lists the receipts, deposits the money, and sends the remittance advices to the company
Term
lapping
Definition
the theft of a payment and the application of subsequent pmts to cover the theft
Term
fidelity bond
Definition
an insurance policy that covers most kinds of cash embezzlement losses
Term
occurrence, accuracy, completeness, classification, cutoff
Definition
important control objectives over cash transactions
Term
obtain entity prepared bank reconciliation and audit it
Definition
the first procedure in an audit of cash
Term
cutoff bank statement
Definition
source for validating the bank reconciliation items; a complete bank statement including all paid checks and deposit slips
Term
schedule of interbank transfers
Definition
an analysis used to determine whether transfers of cash from one bank to another were recorded properly
Term
check kiting
Definition
the deliberate floating of funds between two or more bank accounts in order to make it appear that more cash is present than is really the case
Term
proof of cash
Definition
a reconciliation in which the bank balance, the bank report of cash depositied, and the bank report of cash paid are all reconciled to the corresponding records maintained in the entity's general ledger, cash receipts journal, and cash disbursements journal
Term
extended procedures
Definition
specific responses to fraud risk factors
Term
count and recount petty cash on same day
examine endorsements on canceled checks
review customers' checks
use marked coins and currency
analyze the mix of cash and checks in deposits
measure deposit lag time
document examination
inquiry
covert surveillance
horizontal and vertical analysis
reasonableness tests
Definition
some extended procedures for detecting employee fraud schemes involving cash
Term
1. fraudulent act
2. conversion of the money or property to the fraudsters use
3. the cover up
Definition
three phases of employee fraud
Term
audit risk
Definition
the risk that auditors will issue an unqualified opinion on financial statements that contain a material misstatement
Term
revenue recognition
Definition
recording revenues in the general ledger (often done fraudulently by schemes such as bill and hold
Term
persuasive evidence of an arrangement exists, deliver has occurred or services have been rendered, the seller's price to the buyer is fixed or determinable, and collectibility is reasonably assured
Definition
revenue is realized/realizable and earned when:
Term
bill of lading
Definition
form that is signed by the carrier to verify the goods are shipped
Term
packing slip
Definition
describes the goods being shipped and is often included with the shipment
Term
sales invoice
Definition
the bill sent to the customer that indicates the amount due
Term
aged trial balance
Definition
a schedule that lists each individual receivable and indicates whether it is current or past due and how long it is past due; the total should equal the AR general ledger balance
Term
vouching
tracing
observing
scanning
recalculating
Definition
actions in tests of controls
Term
confirmations provide evidence of existence and to a limited extent, valuation of accounts and notes receivable
Definition
Term
positive and engative confirmations
Definition
two widely used confirmation forms
Term
positive confirmation
Definition
asks the customer to respond whether the balance is correct or incorrect
Term
negative confirmation
Definition
asks for a response only if something is wrong with the balance; lack of response to this form is considered evidence that the account is fairly stated
Term
positive
Definition
most common type of confirmation
Term
substantive procedures
Definition
the audit procedures to gather a=evidence on the assertions in account balances
Term
confirmations yield evidence about existence and valuation
Definition
Term
bill and hold
Definition
a fraudulent financial reporting activity whereby a company recognized a sale even though it does not ship the merchandise to the customer, but instead holds it in its own warehouse
Term
dual purpose procedure
Definition
an audit procedure that simultaneously serves the substantive purpose (obtain direct evidence abou the dollar amounts in account balances) and the test of controls purpose (obtain evidence about the company's performance of its own control activities
Term
packing slip
Definition
a document included with a shipment that shows the description and quantity of the goods being shipped
Term
sales cutoff tests
Definition
tests that ensure sales are recorded in the proper period: generally, when they are shipped: and that the cost of sales is recorded and removed from inventory
Term
The ICQ is a device for collecting evidence in the form of answers to control questions
Definition
Term
The bridge working paper connects control evaluation findings of strengths to test of control activities for testing the strengths, and control evaluation findings of weakness to suggestions for substantive procedures.
Definition
Term
Hash totals
Definition
involve non dollar totals.
Term
Non statistical sampling
Definition
differs from statistical sampling in that it does not allow measurement of sampling risk. Therefore, samples may be selected using nonrandom techniques such as haphazard or block sampling.
Term
because nonrandom techniques can be used, non-statistical sampling is often faster and easier to perform.
Definition
Term
The precision
Definition
represents a range around the sample estimate that has a certain likelihood (equal to reliability) of including the true population value
Term
The confidence
Definition
is the likelihood that the precision interval contains the true (but unknown) population value.
Term
The mean
Definition
the average of the observations in the sample.
Term
The precision interval
Definition
the sample estimate plus and minus the precision
Term
c. If you use statistical sampling, your sampling plan would consider the acceptable level of sampling risk in determining the appropriate sample size and evaluating sample results. Nonstatistical sampling methods would not consider sampling risk in determining sample size or evaluating sample results.
Definition
Term
d. The primary advantage of statistical sampling is that it allows you to explicitly control your exposure to sampling risk. The primary disadvantage of using statistical sampling is that it is typically more complex and time-consuming than non-statistical sampling.
Definition
Term
A. Precision Interval = Sample Estimate + or - Precision
Definition
Term
Sampling Risk = 1 - Reliability
Definition
Term
d. If sampling risk is increased, the reliability (or confidence) decreases, since reliability equals one minus sampling risk
Definition
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