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ATI Fundamental for Nursing (Infection Control)
Ch. 50--Infection Control
18
Nursing
Undergraduate 3
09/07/2010

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Cards

Term
Components of the infection chain
Definition

  1. an infectious agent
  2. a reservoir where the infectious agent grows
  3. an exit portal of the infectious agent
  4. a meas of transmission (e.g., droplet, contact, touching contaminated items)
  5. entry portal to a susceptible host (same as exit)
  6. a host that must be susceptible to the infectious agent

Term
Risks of infection
Definition
Nurse should assess each client for the risks of infection specific to the client, the disease or injury, and the environment
Term

Nosocomial infections


Definition

  • an infection that is acquired while the client is in the HC system
  • nosocomial infection can come from exogenous source (outside the pt) or endogenous (altered normal flora)
  • best way to prevent is through frequent hand washing!!
  • most common site: urinary tract; most common causative agents: E. coli and S. aureus

Term
signs and symptoms of generalized or systemic infection:
Definition

  • fever
  • increase pulse and resp rate (response to high fever)
  • malaise
  • anorexia, nausea, and/or vomiting
  • enlarged lymph nodes (repository for "waste")

Term
signs and symptoms of a localized infection:
Definition

  • redness (from dilation of arterioles bringing blood to the area)
  • edema
  • pain or tenderness
  • presence of exudates (dead phagocytes and tissue cells that leak from the vessels)
  • warmth of are on palpation
  • loss of use of affected part

Term
Lab results indicating infection
Definition

  • Laukocytosis (WBC's over 11,000 uL)
  • increases in specific types of WBCs on differential (left shift=an increase in neutrophils)
  • elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR)
  • presence of micro-organism on culture of specific fluid/ area

Term
NSNDA Nursing Dx
Definition

impaired tissue integrity

risk for infection

risk for social isolation

risk for impaired tissue integrity

Term
frequent and effective handwashing
Definition
most important intervention to prevent infection!!
Term

Nursing Interventions 

(general guidelines)

Definition

  • frequent and effective handwashing (most important!!)
  • required and recommended immunizations
  • good oral hygiene
  • adequate amount of fluids
  • pulmonary hygiene (turning, coughing or deep breathing; make sure it is done every 2 hours in immobile clients or as ordered by physician)
  • aseptic technique and proper PPE

Term
Standard Precautions (tier one)
Definition
applies to all body fluids, nonintact skin, or mucous membranes
Term

Gloves

(standard precautions)

Definition
worn when touching anything that has the potential to contaminate the hands.  include bodily secreation, excretions, blood and body fluids, nonintact skin, mucous membranes and contaminated items
Term

Masks, eye protection, or face shields

(standard precautions)

Definition

  • require when care may cause splashing or spraying of body fluids
  • mask is necessary to prevent the spread of infection from airborne exposures

Term
Gowns
Definition
if clothes may be soild during care
Term
Transmission Precautions (Tier Two)
Definition

Airborne precautions

droplet precautions

contact precautions 

Term
Airborne Precaustions
Definition

 

  • to protect against droplet infections smaller then 5um (measles, varicella, TB)
  • require: a private room, mask/ respiratory protection device for caregivers and visitors, negative pressure airflow exchange in the room of at least 6 exchanges per hour

 

Term
Droplet precautions
Definition

  • protect against droplets larger than 5um (streptococcal pharyngitis or pneumonia, scarlet fever, rubella, pertussis, mumps, mycoplasm pheumonia, meningococcal pneumonia/ sepsis or pneumonic plague)
  • Require: private room or w/ other w/ same disease, mask for providers and visitors

Term
Contact Precautions
Definition

  • protect the visitors and caregivers against direct client/ environmental contact infections (e.g., respiratory syncytial virus, shigella, enteric diseases caused by micro-organisma, wound infections, herpes simplex, scabies, varicella zoster and multidrug-resistant organisms)
  • Require: private room or w/ client w/ same infection, gloves and gowns, disposal of infectious dressing material into a single, nonporous bag w/o touching the outside of the bag

Term
Reporting of communicable disease assists w/
Definition

  • planning and evaluating of control and prevention plans
  • determining public health policies
  • ensuring proper medical treatment is available
  • monitoring for common-source outbreaks

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