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-published a report entitled "Investigation of Interplanetary Space by Means of Reaction Devices."
-discussed basics of rocket propulsion, and how rockets could be used for space travel
-worked out the basic mathematics governing rocket performance
-suggested that liquid fuels be used in rockets designed for space travel |
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-published a report entitled "A Method of Reaching Extreme Altitudes", which discussed the physics of rocket propulsion
-experiments led to idea that liquid fuel was better
-launched first successful liquid-fueled rocket from Auburn, Mass.
-Continued to launch from near Roswell, NM. |
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published a very influential
book in Germany entitled "The Rocket into Interplanetary Space" |
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-Originally a German rocket scientist, designed the A-4 rocket (later renamed V-2)
-Later surrendered to and joined American forces
-Worked on the Saturn rockets and the Apollo program
-Also worked on Jupiter and Redstone rockets
-Launched first satellite into space (Explorer 1) |
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-"chief designer" of the Soviet rocket program
-designed the Soviet R-1 rocket (essentially replicate of V-2)
-Developed R-7, first Soviet ICBM |
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-Soviet astronaut, the first man in space
-Made a single orbit of the Earth in Vostok 1 |
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-Soviet astronaut, second man in space
-Made 17 orbits or Earth in 25 hours in Vostok 2 |
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| -Soviet astronaut, completed first space walk in history in Voskhod II |
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| -American astronaut, first American in space in Atlas rocket |
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-American astronaut, first man to walk on the moon
-Came in Apollo 11 |
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-American astronaut, second man to walk on the moon
-Came in Apollo 11 |
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-a rocket-powered aircraft
-mainly tested at Edwards Air Force Base
-broke altitude records (highest went 17 miles)
-first aircraft to go the speed of sound, and twice the speed of sound |
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-rocket plane, successor to the X-1 series
-set new altitude record of 23.9 miles |
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-launched from Edwards Air Force Base
-was carried by larger plane into the air, then separated and ignited rocket
-set many speed and altitude records
-flew so high that air was too thin for rudders to work; instead, jets of gas at the nose were used for direction |
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-First man to fly faster than the speed of sound
-Flew an X-1 rocket plane |
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| -Flew to a record-setting altitude of 23.9 miles in an X-2 rocket plane |
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-program that used balloon to reach high altitudes
-sent men up in pressurized gondolas |
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-program that used balloons to reach high altitudes
-experimented with parachuting from high altitudes from an unpressurized gondola |
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-Manhigh participant
-Spent 24 hours aloft in pressurized gondola, reached 101,500 feet |
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-On Manhigh 1, reached an altitude of 96,000 feet in a pressurized gondola
-With Excelsior, set altitude record for paracute jump |
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| -German testing facility where the A-1 and A-2 rockets were developed |
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-German test site where von Braun developed the A-4 rocket
-Was bombed by British Air Force; subsequently, Peenemunde launched many V-2 (previously A-4) rockets against Allied forces
-Was captured by Allied forces, and the parts for 60 complete V-2s were brought to White Sands |
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| White Sands Proving Ground |
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-Facility where von Braun moved, and where confiscated V-2s were constructed and launched
-Launching site for WAC corporal, V-2, Bumper, Viking, Arobee |
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-Rocket-launching facility in Florida
-launching site of Bumper, Redstone, Jupiter, Vanguard, Explorer 1 |
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-Originally names Muroc Army Air Field
-Near Mojave, CA
-Launch site of X-1, X-2, X-15 |
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-Where von Braun went after Fort Bliss
-In Alabama
-Launched Redstone rockets |
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-Soviet rocket facility in SW Soviet Union
-Where Korolev worked
-Launching site for confiscated V-2s, R-1s, R-2s, R-5s, Kosmos satellites |
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-Soviet rocket facility near Tyuratam
-Launch site for Vostok, R-7 ICBM, Sputnik, Kosmos, N-1 |
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-German rocket, originally called the A-4
-Developed by von Braun
-Launched against Allied forces
-Parts of it were captured by both American and Russian forces |
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-unmanned rocket designed by the US Navy to be lighter and more stable in flight than a V-2
-It was the first multi-stage rocket in the US
-It was able to carry 100 pounds of scientific equipment, as well as mice and monkeys |
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-Rocket funded by the US Army
-It's goal was to bring scientific equipment to the upper atmosphere
-Launched successfully from White Sands |
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-US Army-funded rocket
-Goals: test two-stage system, achieve high altitudes
-Used V-2 1st stage and WAC Corporal 2nd stage
-Launched from White Sands and Cape Canaveral |
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-US Navy rocket
-Single staged
-Larger and more powerful than Arobee, more stable in flight than V-2
-Launched from White Sands |
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-US Army rocket
-Developed by von Braun
-Created as a medium sized, moveable, ground to ground missile
-Single-staged
-Launched from Redstone Arsenal |
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| Inter-Continental Ballistic Missile |
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| Intermediate Range Ballistic Missile |
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-US Army Missile
-von Braun's successor to Redstone rocket
-US's first IRBM
-A three-staged Jupiter C was created, and used Redstone as a first stage |
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-US Air Force rocket
-Developed as an IRBM |
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-US Air Force Rocket
-The US's first ICBM
-Used to launch John Glenn into orbit |
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-US Air Force Rocket
-A two-stage ICBM, more powerful than Atlas
-Used to launch Gemini |
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-Developed for Apollo program by von Braun
-Three-staged and very powerful
-Carried the Apollo spacecraft
-Less powerful Saturn IB was used for some missions |
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-Soviet rocket designed by Korolev
-Launched at Kapustin Yar
-Similar to V-2, but built in Soviet Union
-Did a series of scientific experiments |
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-Soviet rocket
-Designed to be a bigger, more powerful R-1
-Carried out scientific tests |
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-Soviet rocket developed by Korolev
-First Soviet ICBM
-Launched from Baikonur Cosmodrome
-Used to launch Sputnik |
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Definition
-Explorer 1 was the first US satellite
-Many Explorer satellites were launched into Earth orbit to study electrically-charged subatomic particles |
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-A donut-shaped belt above the Earth's atmosphere in which there are free protons
-This was first observed by Explorer 1 |
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-US navy rocket
-Chosen by the US to try to beat the SU to put a satellite around Earth (but was beaten by Sputnik)
-Three stages, made up of Viking and Arobee
-Vanguard 1 became second US satellite, after Explorer 1 |
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-US program, attempted to send a spacecraft to moon orbit (but was beaten by SU Luna)
-Met with some failures, but Pioneer 4 reached moon orbit
-Pioneer 5-9 studied the sun (solar wind)
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-Project Mercury: US attempt to put a man into space (but was beaten by Vostok)
-Mercury capsule designed to carry one person
-Utilized Redstone rocket first, then Atlas |
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-US program designed to prepare for a moon landing
-Two-manned spacecraft sent on 10 missions to orbit the Earth
-First space walk, first rendezvous between manned spacecrafts, first docking with a unmanned vehicle, flight endurance records |
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-US unmanned lunar reconnaissance mission, "hard lander"
-Launched by multi-stage Atlas rockets
-Successful Rangers took pictures of the Moon and transmitted them before crashing into the Moon
-Found that even in the mare areas of the Moon, there are still many craters |
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-US unmanned lunar reconnaissance mission, "soft lander"
-Launched by multi-stage Atlas rockets
-Five out of seven Surveyors landed successfully on the Moon
-Brought scientific instruments, measured: soil density/strength, soil composition, etc.
-Found that Lunar Mare soil is basalt, and that highland soil has a different composition |
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-US unmanned lunar reconnaissance mission, "orbiter"
-Launched by multi-stage Atlas rockets
-Brought cameras and took photos all around the Moon
-Photos helped with choosing landing sites for Apollo, and aided scientists in understanding the Moon |
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-US manned lunar mission
-Apollo 1-6 were unmanned test flights
-Apollo 7 and 8 were (manned) tests of the command and service modules, done while orbiting Earth (7) and the moon (8)
-Apollo 9 tested the lunar module in orbit around the Earth
-Apollo 10 was a full dress rehearsal of the moon landing
-Apollo 11 marked the first men on the moon. Armstrong and Aldrin walked on the moon, did various experiments (geologic samples, seismometer, laser reflector)
-Apollo 12 landed precisely on the edge of the Ocean of Storms, very near Surveyor 3. They took the camera from Surveyor 3, set up an ALSEP package, and brought geologic samples home.
-Apollo 13 malfunctioned.
-Apollo 14 landed near Cone Crater and did experiments on it
-Apollo 15 brought a Lunar Roving Vehicle, and collected many rock samples from lowlands.
-Apollo 16 explored the highlands and brought back samples.
-Apollo 17 landed in a valley and took both highland and lowland samples. |
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-Soviet Earth satellite
-Sputnik 1 became first satellite
-Later Sputniks brought scientific instruments and several dogs
-All were launched with R-7 |
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-Soviet satellites with scientific instruments
-Launch with R-7 and (some) R-12 |
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-Soviet manned satellite
-Vostok 1 held the first man in space
-Several others were put into orbit
-Launched with R-7 |
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-Soviet manned satellites
-Carried more than one person into space (1st time ever)
-First ever spacewalk |
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-Soviet unmanned lunar reconnaissance missions
-First to reach moon orbit
-First to soft land on the moon |
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-Soviet unmanned circumlunar missions
-Several looped around the moon and came back to Earth
-Was never used for manned spaceflight |
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-Soviet unmanned lunar rover
-Brought to the moon by Luna |
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-- bowl-shaped with gently sloping floor
-- smooth inner walls and rim
-- less than 20 kilometers in diameter |
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-- The inner walls of the crater interior to the rim have a terraced (platformed) or rough appearance
-- There is a mountain peak, or a range of peaks, near the center of the crater. These are surrounded by a flat floor. E.g., Copernicus - 93 km diameter - near Mare Imbrium Tycho - 85 km diameter - in southern highlands
-- 20-180 kilometers in diameter. |
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-- these are distinctive for having a concentric ring of mountains interior to the basin rim
-- diameters of 180-400 kilometers
-- the smaller examples of these types of structures may also be referred to as peak-ring craters |
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-- these are the largest impact structures on the Moon
-- they have two or more inner rings of mountains interior to the rim of the basin
-- the basin rim itself has the appearance of an extended circular range of mountains
-- excellent example: Orientale Basin on the lunar farside.
-- multi-ring basins on the Moon tend to have diameters greater than 400 kilometers |
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-an exterior deposit of material that surrounds a crater and extends outwards from the crater rim
-the surface is often "hummocky" and uneven in texture
-close to the crater rim the ejecta blanket is thickest and forms a continuous cover of material, while farther out from the rim it breaks up to form a thinner more diffuse cover that merges into the surrounding terrain. |
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-these are small craters which are found scattered amongst the ejecta blanket
-they are much more numerous on the outer part of the ejecta blanket than on the inner part
-in some locations groupings or even chains of secondary craters are seen. |
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Definition
-these are bright streaks of material that radiate outwards from a crater over distances much larger than the crater diameter
- they are associated only with very young, fresh-looking craters that have well-defined rims. |
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| a rock that is made up of fragments of smaller rocks and material which has been cemented together under conditions of high heat and pressure |
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-a very rubbly and powdery layer of material that covers both the lunar highlands and mare
-produced by the breakup of the lunar surface by impact events, and by the collision of atomic particles in the solar wind with lunar rocks. |
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| formed by the flooding of dark lava into large impact basins on the Moon’s ancient surface |
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| a dark volcanic iron-rich rock formed by the cooling of lava that erupted onto the lunar surface |
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| broad meandering channels that are found mostly on the maria, and were carved by ancient "rivers" of lava |
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| associated with fracturing - breaking - of the lunar crust |
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| A volcanic rock common in the lunar highlands which has little or no iron |
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| D=Number of craters (N)/area (A) |
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| form on the basalt layers that fill impact basins. thought to be caused by a buckling of the surface layers as the weight causes the basalt to sag. |
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| smooth scarps which mark the edges of old solidified lava flows |
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| geyser-like eruptions on the lunar surface that result in the formation of colored glass beads in the regolith |
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