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Assessment 1
Specific Learning Disabilities
40
Psychology
Graduate
09/29/2011

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Term

What is Specfic Learning Disability (SLD)

 

DSM-IV

Definition

       

 

       Learning Disorders are diagnosed when the individual's achievement on individually administered, standardized tests in reading, mathematics, or written expression is substantially below that expected for age, schooling, and level of intelligence.

  • Substantilly- at least 2 SD below the mean
Term
DSM -IV types of SLD
Definition

 

Reading Disorder-Dyslexia

 

Mathematics Disorder-Dyscalculia

 

Disorder of Written Expression-Dysgraphia

 

             -  Learning Disorder NOS

Term

 

Growing stereotype theory

Definition

 

 

o  Studies have shown groups reminded of stereotype do worse than compared to those who are not reminded

o   May explain poor achievement on IQ for minority groups

Term
SLD according to IDEA
Definition

 

  •          A disorder in one or more of the basic psychological processes involved in understanding or in using language, spoken or written, which disorder may manifest itself in imperfect ability to listen, think, speak, read, write, spell, or do mathematical calculations.”
  • Determined through IQ/Ach discrepancy similar to DSM or through Response to Intervention process
  • Varies state to State
  • rages from 1 to 2 SD below mean, LA uses 1.5 (grade k-2) & 2 (grade 3-12)
  • LA uses acheivement/acheivment discrpancy
Term
Rule out criteria for SLD
Definition
Lack of intervention
Lack of educational opportunity
Vision/Hearing/Motor Impairment
Emotional Disturbance
Intellectual Disability
Cultural Factors
Term
Different kids of SLD
Definition

 

Oral Expression

 

Listening Comprehension

 

Written Expression

 

Basic Reading (decoding/word recognition)

 

Reading Comprehension

 

Reading Fluency (accurate but slow)

 

Math Calculation
-Math reasoning/problem solving
Term
What is an unexpected underachiever
Definition
Unexpected because individual should be performing better given IQ (discrepancy)
SLD individuals are different than Low Achievers
Term
Etiologies of SLD
Definition
  • Heredity
  • Complications/Problems during fetal development and birth
  • Neurological dysfunction
  • Environmental
Abuse/neglect
--Lead exposure
  • Visual/Auditory abnormalities
Term
Isle of Wright study
Definition
Identified 2 types of underachievers based on IQ and reading measures
General reading backwardness
Achievement consistent with IQ
Low Achievers
Specific reading retardation
Achievement/IQ discrepancy
SLD
Term
Discrepancy Approach
Definition
Administration of IQ and Achievement measures
Achievement measure can be broad or specific
Average IQ  and 2 SD below on achievement = SLD
Term
Acheivement Measures used for discripent approach
Definition
WISC & WIAT/WJ-Test of Ach
Comprehensive Test of Phonological Processing (CTOPP),
Gray Oral Reading Test-GORT
Gray Silent Reading Test-GSRT
Test of Mathematic Abilities-TOMA
Test of Language Development-TOLD
Minnesota Handwriting Assessment
Term
Why IQ in determining SLD
Definition
IDEA defines SLD in terms of “psychological processes”
IQ/Achievement discrepancy became way to operationalize processes
Assumption that IQ predicts academic achievement
Assumption there is a difference between LD and LA
Term
Limitations of Discrepancy approach
Definition
         –WAIT to FAIL model
Discrepancy has to get large enough for action
Little information gained from testing
Assumes problem lies within the individual
Assumes classification leads to treatment
Arbitrary cut scores across states
Diagnosis based on scores that may contain error
Term
Limitations of IQ as predictor
Definition
Not good at individual level
Not good for younger children
Term
Discrepant Vs non-discrepant (Steubing 2002)
Definition
Discrepant individuals show same problems as non-discrepant
Non-discrepant do not get services
Term
Majority of individuals classified within school setting are ______
Definition
SLD
Term
_______% of SLDs are in reading
Definition
80 to 90%
Term
Reading Disabilities: What they are not according to Velluntino et al.
Definition
Visual Deficits/Visual memory deficits
Word reversal not supported
No differences in visual memory
Visual acuity does not predict reading ability
Language Based Deficits
Semantic and Syntactic deficits
Vocabulary deficits
Syntax knowledge does not differ
Brain function deficits
Intervention lead to changes in activity (Brain activity)
 
Term
Likely causes of RD
Definition
Deficits in Phonological awareness
Rhyme
Alliteration
Blending
Segmentation
Manipulation
Deficits in Alphabet principle
Word/letter/sound connection
Orthographic deficits
Recognizing constraints/organization structure 
Cat OK, Cta not ok
“at” is the same across words
Term
common assessment measures for RD
Definition
CTOPP &DIEBLS
Term
Semantics and syntax problems related to RD
Definition
Phonological problems usually precursor
Vocabulary related to comprehension
Term
Snowball effect for RD
Definition
Problems with early reading skills ---->
Problem with Fluency ------>
Problems with comprehension
Term
What is RtI used for
Definition

Reading (very often)

Writing & math (becoming more common)

Behavior - now in state guidelines and can be used in Other Health impairments

Term
Advantages of RtI
Definition
One advantage of RTI in the diagnosis of educational disabilities is that it allows for early intervention to meet the needs of struggling learners.
No wait to fail
Another advantage is that RTI maps those specific instructional strategies found to benefit a particular student. This information can be very helpful to both teachers and parents.
Term
In a traditional approach to identifing SLD where does the proble exsit?
Definition
within the person and RtI solves this problem
Term
Limitations to the ‘test-score
discrepancy model’
(Gresham, 2001):
Definition
Requires chronic school failure BEFORE remedial/special education supports can be given.
Fails to consider that outside factors such as poor or inconsistent instruction may contribute to a child's learning delay.
A ‘severe discrepancy’ between test scores provides no useful information about WHY the student is doing poorly academically.
Different states (and even school districts within the same state) often used different formulas to diagnose LD, resulting in a lack of uniformity in identifying children for special education support.
Term
why is RtI such a big deal?
Definition

Congress passed the revised Individuals With Disabilities Education Improvement Act (IDEIA) in 2004.

This Federal legislation provides the guidelines that schools must follow when identifying children for special education services.
Based on the changes in IDEIA 2004, the US Department of Education (USDE) updated its regulations to state education departments. The new USDE regulations:
Explicitly ALLOW states to use RTI to identify LD
FORBID states from forcing schools to use a ‘discrepancy model’ to identify LD
Term
RTI dual discrepancy model.
Definition
Discrepancy 1: The student is found to be performing academically at a level significantly below that of his or her typical peers (discrepancy in initial skills or performance).
Discrepancy 2: Despite the implementation of one or more well-designed, well-implemented interventions tailored specifically for the student, he or she fails to ‘close the gap’ with classmates (discrepancy in rate of learning relative to peers).
Term
The steps of RTI for an individual case…
Definition
1.Estimate the academic skill gap between the student and typically-performing peers
2.Determine the likely reason(s) for the student’s depressed academic performance
3.Select a scientifically-based intervention likely to improve the student's academic functioning
4.Monitor academic progress frequently to evaluate the impact of the intervention
5.If the student fails to respond to several well-implemented interventions, consider a referral to Special Education
Term
three general methods for estimating the ‘typical’ level of academic performance at a grade level:
Definition
Local Norms: A sample of students at a school is screened in an academic skill to create grade norms (Shinn, 1989)
Research Norms: Norms for ‘typical’ growth are derived from a research sample, published, and applied by schools to their own student populations (e.g., Shapiro, 1996)

Criterion-Referenced Benchmarks: A minimum level, or threshold, of competence is determined for a skill. The benchmark is usually defined as a level of proficiency needed for later school success (Fuchs, 2003)

Term
Criterion-Referenced Benchmarks
Definition
The benchmark represents a level of proficiency needed for later school success. A good example of a commonly used set of benchmarks for reading are those that were developed for use with the DIBELS [Dynamic Indicators of Basic Early Literacy Skills].
Term
ways to measure academic and problem beahvior quickly
Definition
Measures for Basic Academic Skills: Curriculum-Based Measurement (CBM) probes are short, timed assessments that have been developed to measure phonemic awareness, oral reading fluency, math computation, writing, and spelling skills.
Measures for Classroom Academic and General Behaviors:
Daily Behavior Report Cards (DBRCs): These customized teacher rating forms allow the instructor to evaluate the student’s behaviors each day
Direct Observation: An external observer visits the classroom to observe the student’s rates of on-task and academically engaged behaviors.
Term
3 underlying reasons why a student is doing poorly in an academic area
Definition
Skill Deficit: The student lacks the necessary skills to perform the academic task.
‘Fragile’ Skills: The student possesses the necessary skills but is not yet fluent and automatic in those skills.

Performance (Motivation) Deficit: The student has the necessary skills but lacks the motivation to complete the

Term
How does the a kids get to special ed?
Definition
A series of research-based interventions have been attempted
There is documentation that the interventions were carried out as designed (treatment/intervention integrity)
Progress-monitoring data shows that the student failed to meet the goal set for his or her improvement (that is, the student shows a ‘discrepancy in rate of learning’ relative to grade-peers).
Term
Tiers of RTI
Definition
sorry I could not make this card, too much rti
Term
Limitations of RtI
Definition
Inadequate training
Misconception of evidence-based
Using interventions with bad evidence
Subjectivity regarding responding
Subjectivity regarding intensity
Placement decision become subjective
Testing still occurs
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