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ARTH 342
Exam 2
51
Art History
Undergraduate 3
03/26/2013

Additional Art History Flashcards

 


 

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Term
[image]
Definition

de Kooning, Queen of Hearts, 1943-46, Abstract Expressionism (Early de Kooning)


  • Discomfort of the body
  • Painting we identify with
    • We become her, and sympathize her.
    • We gain a relationship with her, not the reaction to her.
  • Using female to express himself: Female is the self
    • Female = Alter Ego
  • Psychological and Physical
  • de Kooning was an alcoholic, because of his anxiety.
Term
[image]
Definition

de Kooning, Asheville, 1949, Abstract Expressionism (Gesturalism)

  • Chaotic, Loud, Anxious, Nervous
  • Recording his anxieties and nervousness.
  • "Painting never makes me feel peaceful or pure"
    • In response to Pollock painting to feel pure harmony.
  • For himself; expressing his anxieties.

Gesturalism: signifigance is in the gestures and how they make you feel

Term
[image]
Definition

de Kooning, Woman I, 1950-1952, Abstract Expressionism (Gesturalism)


  • Goes back to Figure because Greenberg said it was passé; doesn't want Greenberg telling him what to paint.
  • Inspired by women in magazines; mouths (suggestive)
  • Series begins as the ideal companion, then turns into enemy.
    • Huge Breasts, Snarling mouths, Inflamed nostrils
  • Paint handling varies: it is sensual in places, and angry in others.
  • Paint handling is Expressive and Expressionistic/
    • Anger belongs to both the subject and artist
    • He told Elaine that the paintings were about her
  • Blue at the bottom of the painting = water, and the figure is standing in water.
  • Deep and profound paintings of his anger and frustration.
  • Levels of "Woman I"
    • Elaine (open relationship with de Kooning)
    • His mother (wouldn't tell him who his father is)
    • Himself (maybe in earler phase, painting the woman within him: self portrait)
    • Irritation with beautiful women (record of that frustration)
Term
[image]
Definition

Still, Untitled, 1946, Abstract Expressionism (Color Field)


  • Abstractions of rugged landscape and Abstractions of the person that kind of landscape requires.
  • Essence of Still: Self Portrait (the landscape and of the self)
    • He is the ideal pioneer; rugged and manly
  • Paintings have power to affect you (make you like him).
  • Will have a liberating effect on you
    • Make you feel rugged
    • Identify with the qualities and are inspired by these qualities.
Term
[image]
Definition

Rothko, Homage to Matisse, 1953, Abstract Expressionism (Color Field)


  • Not just formalism, he is interested in expressing basic human emotions.
    • Tragedy (Doom)- Apollonian
    • Ecstasy- Dionysian
  • Emotional beyond formal element of shape/color.
  • Rothko really wants to communicate. He wants to be connected. 
    • ISSUE WITH MODERN LIFE (SEPERATION)
  • Function of religious life to bring us together -Not Transcenent painting. Meant to address your mutuality.
  • Purpose Duality- Dark and Light
  • Refers to Matisse in 2 ways
    • Role played by Matisse played in his mature work.
    • Counterpoint: how we know Matisse (paintings take us to paradise)
Term
[image]
Definition

Newman, Cathedra, 1958, Abstract Expressionism (Color Field)

 

  • When you stand in front of it, it envelopes you
    • Should stand 18 in. away
    • Numbs thought
    • The stripe= You (small, limited, vertical) Abstraction of the human figure
    • Expanse= Universe
  • "Cathedra" =Throne of God
    • How you are supposed to feel; what Ezekiel was feelin in front of the throne of God
  • Illustrating an Idea, but do not create an idea; they do not work.
  • Sublime feeling of standing in front of the awesome. Mirror of yourself.

 

Term
[image]
Definition

Louis, Tet, 1959, Minimalism (Post Painterly Abstraction)

  • Color on canvas that addresses the Eye
  • Ultimate 1.5 second paintings: appreciate and move on. (nothing to get)
  • Pure essence of painting color is color.
  • Remove space; Space represents the world.
  • Purpose: aesthitic pleasure "Pure" 
    • no life, expression, or figures take spectator out of this impure world into pure painting transcending life. 
Term
[image]
Definition

Stella, Die Fahne Hoch, 1959,

Minimalism (Hard Edge)

  • Hand of artist has been eliminated
  • Painting about itself, not the artist.
    • Not just a painting about a painting, a painting about this painting. 
    • Inside is about the outside, and outside is about the inside.
  • Rectangles are depicted shapes, and come from the literal shape.
  • Shapes are 3 in because that is the depth of the canvas. 
  • Hermetically sealed- against the world
  • Simple, clear, definite -not Clear!
  • Title is from the Nazi marching song; relating the aim of th Nazi's with his aim at modernism.
    • Interested in purity; impurities of Jews (insensitive) and eliminating impurites of modern art (simple, clear, and definite).
  • ELIMINATION OF MYSTERY: what you see it what you see, NO metaphors.
Term
[image]
Definition

Judd, Untitled, 1962, Minimalism (Hard Edge)

  • Edges and shapes = Clarity, very hard edge.
  • Shapes are clear, the number of them is clear.
  • Didn't like closed boxes, didn't like the mystery.
  • Judd was the leading hard edge scripter.
  • Clear, Simple; Quest for purity
  • Sound of painting= Silence
  • In a white cube gallery; would work better next to nature to be able to compare textures and qualities.
Term
[image]
Definition

Morris, Untitled, 1965, Minimalism (Hard Edge)

  • Greenbergian- took color off of statue
  • "Color belongs to painting, shape belongs to sculpture"
  • Personal qualities: His associations are meaningful (about a woman)
Term
[image]
Definition

Haacke, Grass Grows, 1967,

Minimalism (Materials and Process)


  • Watching grass grow over the time of the exhibit is the work of art.
  • Defintite; grass grows.
  • Clear and Simple
Term
[image]
Definition

Kosuth, Box, Cube, Empty, Clear, Glass, 1970, Minimalism (Materials and Process)

  • Popular among critics, not the public.
Term
[image]
Definition

Serra, One Ton Prop, 1969, Eccentric Minimalism

 

  • About the material; 4 steel plates, life size, arranged in a house of cards.
  • About the nature of steel: how hard it was, how tough it was, macho (strong tough, dangerous)
  • It was amount HIM: ruggedness, strength of the material (reflected him)
  • Alter-ego of the artist: Personal statement- self portrait.
  • His father worked with this material, so he, himself worked with steel
  • RESPECT the material, RESPECT him. 
  • Not about you, just his self portrait.
Term
[image]
Definition

Hesse, Hang Up, 1968, Eccentric Minimalism

  • Looked like it is just about materials
  • These works were self portraits- about her WEAKNESS
  •   “I want to make something good out of the misery I always feel”
  • Broken and bandaged frame (Hurt self)
  • Empty frame (Infertility)
  • Steel cable omes from frame and hangs on floor (Absurd and Indefinite)
  •  Alter- ego

 

·         Hesse developed a brain tumor from working with the lethal materials

Term
[image]
Definition

Diebenkorn, Girl Looking at a Landscape, 1957, New Figuration (Bay Area School)

 

  • Enjoying the landscape onto the pacific
  •  Pure Painterly element
  •  Element of Realism: She is the STAND-IN for YOU    
    • YOU are the SUBJECT
    • Put yourself in her place
    • Feel what she feels: calm, nice, relaxed 
Term
[image]
Definition

Katz, The Bather, 1959,

New Figuration (New York School)

  • Picture of Ada (wife) against the landscape
  • Ada is always blank and calm
  • Minimalist esthetic to quiet, empty, clear
  • EMPTY of EMOTION – against the feelings of abstract expressionism
  •  Turning the volume down to SILENT
  • Paintings FOR: CITY people
  • Relief from New York– loud, cluttered, confused and relief from feeling

 

Term
[image]
Definition

Neel, Pregnant Maria, 1964,

New Figuration (New York School)

  • Belongs to the Tradition of the Erotic Female Move
  • She is in that position for HER
  • She is the subject – not the object

 

Term
[image]
Definition

Pearlstein, Female Nude Reclining on Bentwood Loveseat, 1975, New Figuration (New York School)

  • Nudes= objects of art
  • He signaled his interest in having his painting thought about in relation to other nude paintings.
  •  He is contradicting that tradition: he is focusing on the FOOT
    • The tradition was focusing on the beautiful (foot is not beautiful)
  • Between the beautiful and the ugly
  • Chair = beautiful, he focuses on the ugly (foot)

Purpose is AESTHETIC – for the lucky few

(those with sophisticated taste, have to know older paintings to appreciate)


Term
[image]
Definition

Segal, Subway, 1968,

New Figuration (New York School)

  • Important that they aren’t painted.
  • They look empty of color- it accentuates their feelings of emptiness (loneliness)

 

Term
[image]
Definition

Paik, One for Violin, 1964, Neo Dada (Fluxus)

  • Event Card: Take a violin and smash it.
  • Simple Event Score
  • Charlotte Mormon performed this one and a man ran onto stage to prevent the smashing saying it could go to a poor student. She smashed it on his head.
  • Cage didn't like Mormon's performance, because it was supposed to be light hearted and fun. Fun for everyone. 
Term
[image]
Definition

Ono, Cut Piece, c. 1968, Neo Dada (Fluxus)

  • Performance piece- emphasis on PERFORMANCE
  • Event Score: she sits on a stage with scissors; audience is invited to come on stage and cut a piece of clothing off. 
  • Serious and Tense
  • About pacifism and trust; demonstrations that people can be trusted.
Term
[image]
Definition

Kienholz, State Hospital, 1964-1966, Neo Dada

  • Have to look through window of a door to see.
  • Strapped to bed, covered in mucus, cloudy brain.
  • Cloudy brain; only thing on the mind of the person s the condition they are in.
  • One of his job was in a mental hospital; this showed what was going on.
  • Social commentary to promote better treatment.
  • For everyone.
Term
[image]
Definition

Rauschenburg, Black Market, 1961, Neo Dada 

  • Participatory Artwork; 4 clipboards, each had a number with paper.
  • Box below containted objects; take object and leave a new object; draw a picture of the object you left.
  • Audience created the Art. They made the meaning.
  • Audience stole all objects, and paper.
  • Rauschenburg said that is fine if that is the art they wanted to make.
Term
[image]
Definition

Rauschenburg, Spring Training, 1965, Neo Dada

  • No preparation; Performance Art: more complicated than Fluxus.
  • Begins in the dark, his son brings in a chest with land turtles w/ flashlights attached to their backs.(watch lights move slowly for first 1/2 hour)
  • Rauschenburg carries dancer around the stage.
  • Women in bridesmaid dresses offer audience saltine crackers.
  • Indeterminate, Chaotic, Life is interesting the way it is.
Term
[image]
Definition

Johns, Target with Four Faces, 1955, Neo Dada

 

  • Made him famous
  • Acostic- pigment mixed with wax
  • Painting began as a collage- newspaper elements
    • Bits and pieces of newspaper can still be soon through the acostic
  • For: an ELITE audience that will take the time (devoted) and has enough brains 
  • “I did not want my work to be an explosion of my feelings”
    • Saying he HAS FEELINGS that he doesn't want to expose
    • But, he will let you in on them if you take the time
    • Doesn’t cover this up entirely- still some exposure (like exposure of newspaper)
  • About the issue of AIMING
    • His AIM= to hide his feelings from the public (but this acknowledges that he has feelings and is conscious of them)
  • About HIDING
    • Eyes of faces are hidden; Eyes are windows
    • Covering up that which you don't want to expose
  • Target= empty
  • Rejection of Abstract expressionism
  • Quiet, silent, impersonal (break from Abstract Expressionism)
Term
[image]
Definition

Johns, Painted Bronze, 1960, Neo Dada 

  • Based on two conceptual levels:
    • Inspired by a famous quote made by deKooning about Castelli, saying he could sell anything, even a couple of beer cans.
    • Behind the joke is something more personal.
  • One can is closed and heavy, the other is open and light
    • Open/Light can: “Florida” is written on it (reference to Rauschenburg: being lighthearted and happy; and moving to Florida after he and Johns broke up)
    • Closed and Heavy: represents Johns
  • Double portrait of Rauschenberg and Johns separating.
  • Not exposing his feelings and pain, but you can see this if you take the time.
  • Not expressing his feelings, but will open up to those that get it.

Artwork about art

Subject of his work is ultimately DEATH

Term
[image]
Definition

Johns, Souvenir, 1961, Neo Dada (Assemblage)

 

  • Image of Jasper Johns on a plate
  • “Souvenir”- something you keep that is important
  • Souvenir written on the painting so that you know it is something important.
  • The memory belongs to HIM- important to him
  • If flashlight shines on the rear view mirror, you can see what’s on the painting
  • If you work hard you can see what is important to him
  • When you look in the mirror you see BLACK paint; Black=DEATH
Term
[image]
Definition

Warhol, Campbell's Soup Can, 1962, Pop

 

  • Art world in 1960 was homophobic, so his advisors told him not to portray gay subjects in his art
    • He did not give up gay subjects- he just hid them
  • Meaning=both a symbol of American supermarket AND meant gay through his associations with “Camp”
  • Gay subject for HIM= Camp (meant gay for him because of the drawing he did on the can)
  • Symbol of the American supermarket
    • Celebration of what is cheap, good, and wholesome
  • Businessman artists engaging in business
  • He mass produced paintings with the Silk-screen method.
Term
[image]
Definition

Warhol, Dick Tracy, 1961, Pop Art

  • Part of Warhol's face he hated the mose: his nose.
    • Nose is behind the hat in the original; Warhol disfigured nose.
    • Also he weakened the chin; both nose and chin are changed to essentuate the ideal qualities of the hero (Dick Tracy) contrast
    • Contrast between hero and sidekick (ideal and funny looking)
  • Self Portrait: Dick Tracy= beautiful boys; represented objects of desire, and envy (wanted to be handsome, wanted the handsome men)
    • Contrast between real and ideal self portrait
  • Above black line= Crewy Lou's breast (has a crew cut/butch; gives lesbian pupular name butch) Crewy Lou is a lesbian and the villian.
  • Warhol identifies with all three subjects; Gay, Funny Looking, Handsome/Ideal
  • E= Eve gets all the blame for the fall (Crewy Lou)
    • religious reference that he smuggles in because it isn't accpetable just like homoerotic.
  • For HIMSELF: confronting himself (what he wants and who he is)
  • Sophisticated language using child language.
Term
[image]
Definition

Warhol, Elvis I and II, 1964, 1964, Pop Art

  • Used silk screen for mass production
  • Thought to be a celebration of Hollywood films; Warhol loved Hollywood films, LOVED the STARS
  • "Flaming Star" Elvis movie poster
  • Cowboy= Gay (gun and holster)
  • For straights: Hollywood and Stardom
  • For gay: references Gay erotica
  • Purple pants; Red lips
  • Took pleasure from sneaking gay work into art
Term
[image]
Definition

Warhol, Ambulance Disaster, 1964, Pop Art

  • Takes image and repeats it; source photo is transformed into painting. 
  • Transformed death into Art; given shapes and form when contrasted with other images.
  • When you see an image over an over it loses its initial effect. Empty feeling is what Warhol is searching for. Aesthetic numbing.
  • Coping with anxiety; didn't produce for market, because the dealers wouldnt show them. 
  • Produced for himself; Europeans were the first to show
Term
[image]
Definition

Warhol, Mao, 1973, Pop Art 

  • Mao is an enemy of capitalism; Nixon goes to China in 1972 (opens relationship with China)
  • Over silk screen of face uses abstract expressionism over face (expressionism; personal expressionism)
  • Mao is against personal expressionism, turns him into his own enemy.
  • You can buy any size, any color, turns him into the embodiment of Capitalism.
  • Celebration of Capitalism
Term
[image]
Definition

Warhol, Last Supper, 1985, Pop Art

  • begins as a commission, begins making many for sale.
  • last supper "one of you will betray me" 
    • religion meant a lot to him; carried a bible in pocket.
    • Sunday he paints the big paintings.
    • "sunday painter" joke
  • Accusing these people of Betrayel
    • reaction of christ: forgiving (not angry)
    • forgiving image
  • Focus on Communion; he never went to because he had to face confession and he couldn't do it. 
Term
[image]
Definition

Lichtenstein, Look Mickey, 1961, Pop Art

 

  • His first pop painting
  • People were respectfully shocked by this painting
  • He makes the choice to do this scene bc it is an INTERESTING choice
  • “the big one” = the breakthrough (style that will finally get him attention)
  • Both subects are HIM “me”- represent two different psyches
  • Donald= one side of the psyche- maybe this is it! Maybe I hooked the big one!
  • Mickey= other side of psyche saying “that's pretty stupid”
  • Do this for SELF PROTECTION
  • Allowed to have your fantasy, but yet you are protecting yourself if it doesn't happen
  • He has formally changed the image: simplified, strengthened colors, clarified
  • Changed to what he finds more aesthetically pleasing


Term
[image]
Definition

Lichtenstein, Girl with Ball, 1961, Pop Art

 

  • Ad- Come here for honeymoon or vacation
  • He has CLEANED and EMPTIED her
  • Clean, elegant, graceful curves
  • Tightened in the foreground
  • Change expression: empty
  • Subject= a classical bather
  • Clarifying, elegant, simple, clean- to create a CLASSICAL esthetic- considered himself a “classicist”
  • Not only emptied Ads, he also emptied art
Term
[image]
Definition

Lichtenstein, Drowned Girl, 1963, Pop Art

 

  • Chose this because it made him realize comic artists are sophisticated, and he wanted to draw our attention to that reference
  • He said in those works, I DO NOT CARE ABOUT THE SUBJECT
  • He only cares about FORM
  • For AESTHETIC purpose
  • He flattens, simplified, clarifies, improves
  • He did not empty the subject
  • He changed the word “Mal” to “Brad”
  • “Brad” = alter-ego
  • He is playing out his romantic fantasy
  • He wanted women to love him like the women in the comics loved Brad
  • He is interested in forms, but when he says he is ONLY interested in forms, he is lying and hiding the truth
  • Truth= he is playing out his fantasies
  • Not only are there emotions there, there is the entire store there
  • All images clearly make reference to the entire story
Term
[image]
Definition

Lichtenstein, Masterpiece, 1962, Pop Art

 

  • Was in his first big Castelli Exhibition
  • Produced on the Eve of his Castelli show
  • Fantasy on the Eve of the show “The big one”
  • Fantasy= that everyone will love his work and he will get the girl
Term
[image]
Definition

Lichtenstein, Wham!, 1963, Pop Art

 

  • He has Cleaned, Simplified, Strengthened the source.
  • Taken the diagonal and made it more horizontal. Tighter and stronger
  • Stronger- more Wham
  • Emotionally constipated- could only express himself by other works
  • Anger towards his ex-wife
  • Playing out a Revenge Fantasy
  • At the end of WWII he was in the Navy- trained as a pilot
  • Revenge fantasy of Lichtenstein the pilot killing ex-wife
Term
[image]
Definition

Wesselmann, Great American Nude, 1961, Pop Art

 

  • Abstracted playboy nude- Gave playboy a HIGH art reference to playboy
  • Taking the conception of LOW art and raising it to HIGH art
  • Cat= high art reference to “Olympia”
  • Painting= Modigliani- artist of the erotic nude
  • For: a sophisticated (HIGH ART) audience- will recognize cat and Modigliani reference
Term
Elaine Fried (de Kooning)
Definition
  • Wife of deKooning
  • Very sexually independent
  • Created many problems in marriage
  • Openly had affairs with several men
Term
Multiforms
Definition
  • soft, pretty Clifford Stills. Beautiful Clifford Stills painted by ROTHKO
  • Rothko saw “Organisms” expressing the principle of all organisms
  • Fundamental: Dionysian Will to LIVE (Life)
Term
Michael Fried
Definition
  • Most important of the Greenbergian critics to appear in the 1960’s
    • Organized an exhibition called Free Painters – Frank Stella (met at Princeton)
    • They would go to New York and listen to Clemet Greenberg Speak
Term
4 Minutes: 33 Seconds
Definition

Neo-Dada

            -New Dada

-John Cage

-4’33” Performance

-Cage’s most famous neo composition

-Playful, fun performance for non-aesthetic pleasure

            -Conceptualism, assemblage, performance

Term
The Legacy of Jackson Pollock
Definition

Allan Kaprow’s most important essay

Pollock leads us to HAPPENINGS

Term
George Masiunas
Definition
  • Founder of Fluxus
  • An art that is “Simple, Amusing, and Unpretentious” Unpretentious, concerned with insignificancies, requiring no skill, having no commodity of institutional value, obtainable by ALL produced by ALL
  • Most important aspect= Event Scores by George Brecht
Term
George Brecht
Definition
  • Fluxus
  • In common with Minimalism à conceptual (experience of the idea), very simple
  • Minimal conceptualism= very pretentious
  • Life is raw material- its what you make of it to get a reaction out of people


Term
Combine
Definition
  • Work that is both painting and sculpture
    • Greenburg hated them: painting should be painting, sculpture should be sculpture
    • This is an impure hybrid
    • It is okay if an artist works with art but they have to make it art. But, Rauschenberg left the junk as junk because he ACCEPTS the junk (chaos)
Term
The Event
Definition
  • organized by Cage, Cunningham, Rauschenberg, Olson
  • Celebration of life AS IT IS- a bunch of uncoordinated events happening at the same time
  • Cage danced with dog following him, Olson played the music
  • (See Worksheet- “off the wall”)

 

Term
Henry Geldzahler
Definition
Warhol’s chief advisor in 1960
Term
Valerie Solonas
Definition
  • the woman who shot Andy Warhol- she was angry with him bc she gave him a script for a movie called “Fuck” and Warhol lost the script.  
  • She firmly believed he stole it and was going to steal it and use it.
  • He was pronounced dead at the hospital, and an Italian at the hospital recognized him and they saved him
Term
Society Portrait
Definition
  • Portrait made in order to say something FLATTERING about YOU to the MEMBERS of your SOCIETY
  • Images for your living spaces that say something about YOU
  • Photographs were made, and flaws (blemishes) were taken out – make you look famous
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