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Art History Exam 1
AHA 1120: History of Western Art
26
Art History
Undergraduate 1
02/14/2011

Additional Art History Flashcards

 


 

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Term
[image]
Definition

Dome, Cathedral, Florence. 1420-1436; lantern completed 1471

Early Ren. in Italy

  • Filippo Brunelleschi turned to Pantheon in Rome for inspiration and guidance
  • unfinished - not sure why
  • Latin - Cross ground plan
  • Basilica - nave is higher than side isles; campanille - belltower
  • He invented a new kind of dome and a new way of building one: architects normally used centering; too big & expensive, no beams long enough for this huge dome
  • competition for architects; Brunelleschi used scaffolding and cranes
  • normal dome was solid; Brunelleschi came up w/ idea of ribs - some visible, some not, cage like dome, used diff. kinds of stones so it was higher and wouldn't crush the walls
  • smaller semi-circular domes on outside are more reinforcement
Term
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Definition

Santo Spirito, Florence. Begun 1446

Early Ren. in Italy

  • entryway: was going to have 4 entrances; normally 3 (Father, Son & Holy Spirit)
  • studied gothic architecture and incorporated it into his architecture
  • Brunelleschi - used flat ceilings to give sense of height
  • it's modular - has good proportion and opposite for Gothic no tusing it well
  • believed in universal harmony - can be expressed in many ways (math, music, proportion)
  • 8 exposed ribs
Term
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Definition

Palazzo Medici-Riccardi, Florence, begun 1445

Early Ren. in Italy

  • Architect: Michelozzo; was a follower of Brunelleschi
  • extended in the 18th century
  • Arches were open in 15th century, filled in 16th
  • 3 stories - typical of gothic and renaissance; Lower - business was done here, storage; 2nd - where main family lived; 3rd - servants or strangly family members
  • courtyard in center
  • Rustication: rough stones or blocks (bottom)
  • Ashlar: smooth stones or blocks (top)
  • encrustation; rounded arches
  • Michelozzo didn't understand proportion as well, except in courtyard
Term
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Definition

Palazzo Rucellai, Florence. ca. 1452-1470

Early Ren. in Italy

  • Architect: Leon Battista Alberti
  • not built from ground, pre-existing rooms
  • 3 stories; encrustation not finished; 3: corinthian, 2: ionic, 1: doric
  • exterior: flat shapes = pilaster (pillar looking thing) for support
  • lookds back at the Roman Colosseum
  • Rounded arch on windows flanked by pilasters
Term
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Definition

Four Crowned Martyrs. Orsanmichele, Florence. ca. 1410-1416

Early Ren in Italy

  • Architect: Nanni di Banco
  • put to death for refusing to follow ?
  • Lookds back to ancient sculptures, more naturalistic, proportion
Term
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Definition

St. Mark. Orsanmichele, Florence. ca. 1411-1413

Early Ren. in Italy

  • filled niche with St. Mark, sontrapposto (weight, pose)
  • use naturalism - veins in hand, way cloth falls, illusion that we're looking at something with human presence
  • use proportion - everything measure by head, observed proportion at a 45 degree angle
Term
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Definition

David. bronze. ca. 1440-1460

Early Ren. in Italy

  • Donatello is responsible for the 1st nude sculpture since antiquity
  • David vs. Goliath; standing on giant's head
  • feminity/weakness - God was working through him; doesn't look like a soldier or someone that could successfully fight
Term
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Definition

Isaac and His Sons East doors, Baptistery, Florence. 1425-52

Early Ren. in Italy

  • Architect: Lorenzo Ghiberti
  • Rebecca on right: out of place
  • 3 scenes - kids being born, Isaac telling them to hunt and them getting baptized
  • made the people in higher relief because they're up front
  • architecture is a little too big
  • 1 point perspective
Term
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Definition

Lamentation. fresco, Scrovegni (or Arena) Chapel, Padua. 1305-6

Proto Ren.

  • Architect: Giotto di Bondone (1267-1337) (Proto-Renaissance)
  • family chapel, privately funded
  • scenes from lives of Christ, Mary, and crucifiction
  • expensive blue paint
  • Enrique Scrovegni - patron to chapel
  • scene from wall - Lamentation - Jesus died, used landscape with rock/tree pointing towards Jesus' head
Term
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Definition

Tribute Money. fresco. Brancacci Chapel, S. M. del Carmine, Florence, ca. 1427

Early REn. in Italy

  • Architect: Masaccio
  • continuous narration; Jesus asks Peter to get coin from fish's mouth, pays off tax man; Peter is shown 3 times
  • 1 point perspective and atmospheric perspective
  • Masaccio noticed light and shadow and found a way to imitate it; illusion of 3D
  • in family chapel; may have been a statement that taxpayers are wrong
Term
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Definition

Holy Trinity. fresco. Sta. Maria Novella, Florence. ca. 1428 by Masaccio

Early Ren. in Italy

  • Patrons in the pic (paid for the painting); private fam. chapel
  • momento mori: "I was what you are, you will be what I am" - writing at bottom, skeleton of Adam
  • crucifiction; St. John, Virgin Mary, Father, Son and Holy Ghost (dove aroung God's neck)
  • one point perspective, vanishing point, orthogonals: diagonal lines that project from the edges of the picture to the vanishing point
  • symbolic path of salvation: bottom: tomb; Middle: live people at eye level; top: Jesus and Holy Trinity
Term
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Definition

Merode Altarpiece (Annunciation) ca. 1425-1428. Robert Campin (Master of Flemalle)

Early Ren. in Northern Europe

  • Left wing: donors/patrons kneeling in garden; enclosed garden - virgin's purity; gate open let donors in; on ground
  • Center: Annunciation; white lilies and cleaning hands w/ water rep. purity; candle - Jesus; window and sun rays - signs of light; descending upon Virgin Mary; look out back window into heavens, rep divinity
  • Right wing: Joseph making a mousetrap - ref St. Augustine of Hippo wrote "The cross of the Lord was the devil's mousetrap, that bait by which he was"; in middle story - see cityscape out window
  • perspective isn't systematically organized
  • tripytch (3 wings)

 

Term
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Definition

Man in a Red Turban. 21 October 1433. Jan van Eyck.

Early ren. in northern europe

  • headdress - chaperon, not turban
  • self portrait?
  • frame - often carry enscription; Bottom: "Jan van Eyck made me" (like the figure is speaking to the viewers); Top: "Als ich kan"/"As I can, but not as I would" (you want to do something ambitious, but you can't so you do what you can
Term
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Definition

Giovanni Arnolfini (?) and his wife, Jeanna Cenami (?). 1434. Jan van Eyck

early ren. in northern europe

  • great detail to light and shadow
  • oil medium is how he can create such detail like the dogs hair; gives it warmth and illuminosity
  • marraige arrangement, could be the wedding, could be record of marraige
  • mirror in the background w/ "Jan van Eyck was here" above it; looks like a legal signature, this could be marraige certificate
  • little circle around mirrors - through God's eyes
  • in mirror - can see 2 extra people (1 is Jan van Eyck), prayer beads hanging
  • dogs mean fidelity
  • people are standing upright, stiff w/ no emotion on face

 

Term
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Definition

Deposition. ca. 1435. Rogier van der Weyden

early ren. in northern europe

  • great deal of movement; realistic, dynamic and emotional composition
  • Virgin's face - can see anguish on her face; witnessed her son's death; she fainted
  • another Mary has cloth to her face with tear running down her face, grief stricken
  • oil paint - great details in clothing, etc.
  • backgroung - not realistic
  • lowering body into enclosed metallic space makes viewers emotion more powerful; symbolic of lowered from cross to tomb
  • Mary fainted, we know she'll become conscious again; parallels resurrection; similar posture w/ Jesus, eyes closed
Term
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Definition

St. Anthony of Egypt Tormented by Demons (engraving) ca. 1480-1490. by Martin Schongauer

early ren. in northern europe

  • becomones hermit in dessert, practices self denial; becomes able to levitate/float so devil/demons attack him to bring him back to earth
  • uses line for texture
Term
[image][image]
Definition

Melun Diptych ca. 1450-1451 by Jean Fouquet

early ren. in northern europe

 

Portrait of Etienne Chevalier (w/ St. Stephen) 1450

  • patrons who worked for the French king and St. Stephen carrying book w/ stone on top - attribute (he was stoned to death, wound in head w/ blood coming out)
  • in a church; architecture reminds of Alberti/Italian Ren.
  • flemish details on stone and face; oil painting

Virgin and Child (Agnes Sorel?) ca. 1451

  • portrait of the King's mistress - she was the model for virgin Mary
  • crown - king of heaven
  • red and blue angels in background - she's in heaven

 

Term
[image]
Definition

Last Supper. Fresco. Sta. Maria delle Grazie, Milan. 1495-1498 by Leonardo da Vinci

high ren. in Italy

  • cut a doorway into the room then covered it
  • in bad shape, Leo liked to experiment with paint, feet would've been quite visible
  • 12 desicples w/ Jesus - Leo. placed Judas w/ the others, but he's the only one in shadow; usually on the other side of the table bcs he betrayed Jesus for 20 silver pieces; bag of silver in pic
  • 1 pt. perspective - not continuous, have to look up into the painting; appears to be an ideal realm that rises above naturalism (transcendance)
  • split into roughly 3 shapes connected by movement
  • expresses emotion of figures - gestures; decorum - appropriate to age
  • Judas reaching for bread - Jesus' body
  • sky/heavens (trinity, 3 windows) - act as Jesus' halo

Term
[image]
Definition

Tempietto. San Pietro in Montorio, Rome. 1502 by

Donato Bramante

high ren. in italy

  • memorial marker; some Christians believe St. Peter was crucified here
  • in a courtyard
  • proportions/forms - borrowed from ancient architecture
  • implied cylinder movement - doesn't seem as stable or steady; rectangle and squares = stability; steps seem to flow down

Term
[image]
Definition

David. 1501-1504 by Michelangelo

high ren. in italy

  • Michelangelo was commissioned to carve David
  • it never reached the cathedral; it's copy is in front of Palazzo, real one is 13 ft. high and in a school
  • David was an emblem of Florence
  • pictorial sculpture - meant to be seen from the front
  • brow is apprehensive
  • perfectly proportioned - no blemishes, perfect anatomy, beauty - shows divinity/God's strength
  • hand is big bcs thought it was going on top of church

Term
[image][image]
Definition

Sistine Chapel Ceiling. Fresco. Vatican, Rome. 1508-1512 by Michelangelo

high ren. in italy

Creation of Adam and Fall of Mankind and Expulsion from Eden

  • Michelangelo thought he was primarily a sculptor
  • ceiling was originally blue w/ dots - rep. stars
  • Pope Sixtus 4th asked him to paint the ceiling
  • Mich. wasn't the first to paint here
  • fresco painting at the bottom, middle: ?, portaits of Popes at top

Term
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Definition

Battle of Ten Naked Men. (engraving) ca. 1465 by Pollaiuolo

early ren. in italy

  • no clear subject but portrays masculine violence
  • gerat deal of attention to anatomy and human figure - may have been created to teach other artists how to paint figures
  • engraving: using burins to cut into copper plate, then you fill the plate w/ ink, put it through the press and the press pulls the ink out of the plate onto the paper. invented by Germans
  • parallel hatching
  • all muscles are flexed
  • 2 guys in center are mirrored images
Term
[image]
Definition

Hercules and Anteus. ca. 1475 by Pollaiuolo

early ren. in italy

  •  Anteus' mother was earth goddess
  • Anteus can't be overcome by anyone whiile his feet are on the ground - Hercules has to pick him up to complete his task
  • focus on muscles/anatomy
  • commissioned by Medici family - associating themselves w/ Florence - Hercules was on city seal
Term
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Definition

Birth of Venus. ca. 1482 by Sandro Botticelli

early ren. in italy

  • Venus stands in shell, blown along by wind god - Zephyr, who is embracing Flora - goddess of flowers; mythology
  • spring is welcoming Venus ashore
  • Figures are stretched out, not as strong of an understanding of anatomy
  • no perspective
  • focuses on beauty, right shoulder is misformed and elongated body but from a distance it looks beautiful
  • classical reference to Venus de Medici
Term
[image][image]
Definition

Gonzaga Family. Frescoes. Camera Picta, Ducal Palace, Mantua. 1474 by Andrea Mantegna

early ren. in italy

  • first place to have a room where 1 pt. perspective works in all parts of the room
  • had oculu on ceiling - looks like an opening - painted window
  • theme of room is procreation, celebration of the Gonzaga fam.
  • Anteros - in the oculus being crowned, symbolizes desire and married love
  • medalions w/ portraits of Roman emporers; wouldn't have happpened in Republican Florence but it's ok in Mantua
  • illusionism - ceiling looks vaulted - only painted that way
  • ceiling - Anteros is the married cupid, peacock - Goddess Juno - marriage; pot is about to fall on your face
Term
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Definition

Donatello. Feast of Herod (relief sculpture). ca. 1423-1427

early ren. in italy

  • 1 pt. perspective
  •          On the baptismal font in Siena Baptistery
  • ·         Salome on the right dances like a maenad (Greek woman follower of god Dionysos- usually in a frenzied state)
  • ·         Head of John the Baptist being offered to King Herod- everyone recoils in horror

    ·         Rationalized perspective- opens the space (replaces flat space in medieval works)

    o   Romans also used this (painting in villa at Boscoreale)

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