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Art History 1750-1950
Classical, Romantic and 20th Century Periods
118
Art History
Undergraduate 2
06/30/2009

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Cards

Term
Who helped Americans win Independence from Great Britian?
Definition
France
Term
Who was blamed for France's problems during the French Revolution?
Definition
The establishment - royalty and artisocracy
Term
All of the following contributed to the French Revolution except:
Definition

a. failed harvests and skyrocketing food prices

b. the decline of the Catholic Church

c. mismanaged financial crisis

d. inspiration from the American revoluntionary success

e. large national debt

Term
Which major event took place in America during the Romantic period?
Definition
The Civil War
Term
What are the dates for the Classical Period?
Definition

1750-1820

 

Term
All of the following advances came about as a result of the Industrial Revolution except:
Definition

a. the establisment of a major railway system

b. the digging of the Suez Canal

c. the invention of the telescope

d. the invention of the telegraph

e. increased availability of material goods.

Term
What is associated with Liberalism?
Definition

a. The government should guarantee political and civil rights suchy as free speech, voting rights and religious tolerance.

b. The government should not interfere in peoples' personal affairs.

e. a and b (both)

Term
What is associated with Marxism?
Definition
Advocated a classless society brought about by a workers revolution.
Term
What is associated with Nationalism?
Definition
All people with a shared cultural heritage and language are brothers and sisters who have a moral obligation to support one another.
Term
The twelve month period during which anyone who was suspected of opposing the French revolution was called:
Definition
The Reign of Terror
Term
What are the dates of the Romantic period?
Definition
1820-1900
Term
What is associated with Socialism?
Definition
Goods should be distributed by the commu8nity or government in a fair and equitable manner.
Term
During the Romantic period, there were many uprisings.  What were people hoping to gain?
Definition

a. greater political power

b. greater personal liberties

c. a fairer distritubion of wealth

d. a higher standard of living

e. all of the above

Term
What is associated with Utilitarianism?
Definition
The greatest good for the greatest number.
Term

Who benefitted the most from the American, French and Industrial Revolutions?

 

Definition
The Middle Class
Term
All of the following occured during the 20th century except:
Definition

a. World War I and World War II

b. The Great Depression

c. The development of the atomic bomb

d. The development of television and the computer

e. The threat of nuclear annihilation.

f. The Civil War

Term
All of the following reflect attitudes of the 20th century except:
Definition

a.  All living things are constantly evolving.

b.  All living creatures are interrelated.

c.  We cannot alter our environment without worldwide repercussions.

d.  We cannot damage our environment without hurting ourselves.

e.  Homo sapiens have dominion over the glove and over lower forms of life.

f. Everything is in a continual stage of becoming.

g.  Cultural identities are viewed as journeys rather than destinations.

Term
Which of the following led to the downfall of Communism?
Definition

a.  The classless society was never really tired.

b.  The proletariat never had any voice in the "dictatorship of the proletariat."

c.  The dictatorial party's elite class controlled the masses through fear, censorship, the rewriting of history and the secret police.

d.  The environment was destroyed trying to reach production quotas.

e.  The Soviet economy was sickly.

f. The information age played a role in the public's knowledge of demonstrations, rebellion and repression.

g.  All of the above.

Term
Germany occupied all of the following during World War II except:
Definition

a.  Austria

b.  Czechoslovakia

c.  Poland

d.  The Rhineland

e.  Manchuria

Term
What started the Korean War?
Definition
The North Koreans invaded South Korea.
Term
Who seized the Russian government in 1917?
Definition
Lenin
Term
Who blamed the Jews for many of Germany's post World War I problems and proclaimed the absolute supremacy for the Aryan master race?
Definition
The National Socialist German Worker's Party
Term
why was the Treaty of Versailles of 1919 devastating for Germany?
Definition

a.  Germany had to accept all responsibility for causing World War I.

b.  Germany had to pay reparations to the allies for World War I.

c.  Germany lost virtually its entire armed services and overseas colonies.

d.  All of the above.

e.  A and B

Term
Which of the following led to massive protests against the Vietnam War?
Definition

a.  Mounting casualties and atrocities.

b.  The corruption of the South Vietnamese government.

c.  The inability of the American army to inflict a decisive defeat on a dedicated and ruthless enemy.

d.  Lack of a clear-cut rationale for an Asian war.

e.  All of the above.

Term
Why were the Balkans called "The Balkan Tinderbox"?
Definition
There was a very high level of international tension in the region that ultimately sparked war.
Term
Who were considered to be the most competent creatures in Darwin's natural world?
Definition
Those who left the most dependents who could survive natural selection.
Term
Why was the Dual Alliance formed?
Definition
France and Russia joined forces to offset the Triple Alliance.
Term
All of the following were negative consequences of the French Revolution except:
Definition

a.  Catastrophic economic consequences.

b.  A ferocious blood bath that left 250,000 people dead.

c.  France's enemies assaulted the borders.

d.  Those who failed to support the revolution could be killed.

e.  Members of the loyal family and aristocracy became stronger and violently enforced their rule on the public.

Term
Who said, "If you keep it simple, say it often, and make it burn, the public will believe anything."
Definition
Adolf Hitler
Term
All of the following factors made the transformation to an industrial society rapid except:
Definition

a.  capitalism

b.  protestant work ethic

c.  establisment of the railroad

d.  colonialism

e.  international trade

Term
Napoleon did all of the following except:
Definition

a.  Maintained order and control with his army and secret police.

b.  Established a code of laws that got rid of the iniquities of the aristocracy and paved the way for the middle class.

c.  Conquered many parts of Europe and Africa.

d.  Destroyed lives on a staggering scale.

e.  Executed Prince Clemens von Metternich.

Term
All of the following occured during the Revolution of 1830 except:
Definition

a.  The workers of Paris challenged the government.

b.  Troops and police refused to fire on rioters.

c.  The king abdicated the throne.

d.  Charles X was assassinated.

Term
Why were some of those who proclaimed the virtues of Social Darwinism seen as hypocritical?
Definition
They wanted high tariffs to protect them from foreign competition and would accept no competition for improved wages and working conditions on the part of organized labor.
Term
What influential book was published in 1848 that fueled liberalism and revolution?
Definition
The Communist Manifesto
Term
Why was the Triple Alliance formed?
Definition
Germany, Austria-Hungary and Italy joined together to offset French power.
Term
During the Cold War, who was the confrontation between?
Definition
The Western democracies led by the United States vs. the Eastern Bloc led by the Soviet Union.
Term
The Communists tried and failed to win power in all of the following countries except:
Definition

a.  The Philippines

b.  Indoensia

c.  Malaysia

d.  Vietnam

e.  South Korea

 

Term
Germany signed a non-aggression pact with which country on August 23, 1939?
Definition
Russia
Term
How did Hitler defy the Treaty of Versailles?
Definition
He occupied the Rhineland in 1936.
Term
What was the purpose of Woodrow Wilson's League of Nations?
Definition
It attempted to civilize the conduct of the nations.
Term
Lenin did all of the following except:
Definition

a.  Established the All-Russian Congress of Soviets.

b.  Used Social Darwinism as a justification for the invasion of numerous other countries.

c.  Had the secret police murder all of this political opponents.

d.  Established a dictatorship of the Communist pary.

Term
Why was the anticipated era of peace and stablility after Wrold War II delayed?
Definition
Because of the Soviet Union's postwar expansionism.
Term
Stalin created "peoples republics" in all of the following countries except:
Definition

a.  Romania

b.  Turkey

c.  Hungary

d.  Poland

e.  Bulgaria

Term
What changes in American society came about as a result of the Vietnam war?
Definition

a.  The anti-establishment free-speech revolt of the 1960's.

b.  Campus sit-ins and riots.

c.  Communes.

d.  Flower children and hippies.

e.  All of the above.

Term
What started the Vietnam war?
Definition
The North Vietnamese army joined the Viet Cong, a group of Communist guerillas.
Term
A government where the monarchy caters to the wealthy middle class while ignoring the industrial worker is called:
Definition
A bourgeois monarchy
Term
What describes Darwin's theory of natural selection?
Definition
Survival of the fittest
Term
Who was seen as the enemy during the French Revolution?
Definition
The establisment - royalty and aristocracy
Term
Where did the Industrial Revolution start?
Definition
England
Term
Why did the ideals of "liberty, equality and fraternity" clash with reality?
Definition
You can't have both total liberty and a strong, efficient government.
Term
What was the name of the foreign minister who betrayed Napoleon, won easier peace terms for his country, and effected the restoration of the Bourbon Kings?
Definition
Prince Charles Maurice de Talleyrand
Term
The theory that the rich are better adapted to the rigors of competetive life and are, therefore, more fit to survive is called:
Definition
Social Darwinism
Term
What is the idea of the Sovereign individual?
Definition
The idea that each citizen is a critical component in the noble and heroic image of the sovereign state.
Term
A group of conspicuously wealthy men was formed to stabilize France.  Its leader was Napoleon.  What was this group called?
Definition
The Directory
Term
The alliance between which three countries formed Triple Entente?
Definition
France, Russia and Great Britian
Term
What ended the Cold War?
Definition
The unification of Germany and the signing of the Paris Charter in 1990.
Term
What false belief did the Germany military clique foster?
Definition
The belief that Germany had never been defeated on the field of battle during WWI; it had been betrayed at home by pacifist liberals.
Term
Why did Germany withdraw from the League of Nations in 1933?
Definition
To secretly arm for war.
Term
What did the doctrines of Italian facism stress?
Definition

a.  The dominacne of the state and the subordination of the individual.

b.  The desireability of war.

c.  The Social Darwinian "right" of Italy to expand at the expense of "inferior" nations.

d.  All of the above.

e.  A and B.

Term
Why was Woodrow Wilson's League of Nations unsuccessful?
Definition
Because the United States refused to join.
Term
Who took over rule of Italy in 1922?
Definition
Benito Mussolini
Term
Who became absolute dictator of the Soviet Union in 1924?
Definition
Stalin
Term
What event started World War II?
Definition
Japan's seizure of Manchuria.
Term
How did the Vietnam War end?
Definition
Saigon fell to the North Vietnamese on April 30, 1975.
Term
What caused France and England to become involved in World War II?
Definition
The German invasion of Poland.
Term
All of the following countries were involved in the Congress of Vienna except:
Definition

a. Austria

b.  Prussia

c.  Russia

d.  France

e.  Spain

Term
In what areas of intellectual inquiry can Darwinian views be found?
Definition
History, Literature, Art, Sociology, Music, Anthropology - All of these
Term
All of the following factors led to the French revolt (French Revolution) of 1789 except:
Definition

a.  Failed harvests and skyrocketing food prices.

b.  The decline of the Catholic Church.

c.  French money and troops have been offered to help Americans defeath the British causing national debt.

d.  The American Revolution inspired revolutionary fervor.

e.  Mismanaged financial crisis.

Term
How did the Industrial Revolution contribute to World War I?
Definition

a.  It caused intense competition for new colonial markets that would absorb each European country's booming production of goods.

b.  In order to protect the markets they had, and to acquire new territories, countries had to equip themselves with large armies, navies and weaponry.

c.  There were relatively few new markets available to be conquered and many nations trying to conquer them.  This caused intense competition.

d.  All of the above.

Term
How was Napoleon's rule brought to an end?
Definition
He was banished to the remote island of St. Helena following the Hundred Days War.
Term
What was the name of the reactionary and arch defender of the old order who secured a balance of power that favored Austria and reinforced established monarchies at the expense of all liberal movements?
Definition
Prince Clemens von Metternich
Term
Which actions were justified on the basis of Social Darwinism?
Definition
Wealthy nations conquering poorer nations.
Term
Thomas Newcomen and James Watt are associated with what invention?
Definition
The Steam Engine
Term
Who made the claim that the population increased by a geometric ration (1:2:4:16, etc.) whereas the food supply increased arithmetically (1:3:5:7:9, etc.) and, therefore, the limited food supply placed a natural check on the population.
Definition
Thomas Malthus
Term
What happened on June 28, 1914 that started World War I?
Definition
A Serbian nationalist assassinated the Austrian Archduke and his wife.
Term
What is absolutism?
Definition
Government by monarchs who base their claims to power on Divine Right.
Term
According to Francis Bacon, what could guarantee certain knowledge?
Definition
The inductive method
Term
If you were to make a major scientific discovery, what did Francis Bacon feel you were morally obligated to do with the information?
Definition
Share it with the public.
Term
Which of the foloowing claimed that knowledge was not the recognition of any given reality but a search for the truth?
Definition
Francis Bacon
Term
What happened when Charles I tried to rule absolutely?
Definition

a.  It led to civil war.

b.  Charles I was tried and executed for treason.

c.  The Interregnum began.

d.  All of the Above.

Term
A form of government in which the king and queen are invited to ascend to the throne as long as they agree to accept parliament's Bill of Rights is called:
Definition
A Constitutional Monarchy
Term
What is the purpose of a Cartesian demon?
Definition
To confuse people about the truth or falsity of things.
Term
What does Cognito ergo sum mean?
Definition
I think, therefore, I am.
Term
What is Cartesian dualism?
Definition
The gulf between the mind and the body.
Term
How do you get rid of a Cartesian demon?
Definition
By believing in the goodness of the all-powerful God.
Term
Who said that you should accept nothing as true except that which clearly and distinctly presented itself to the mind?
Definition
Rene Descartes
Term
Did other philosopers believe in Caresian dualism?
Definition
No
Term
what did Descartes believe was the "queen of the sciences"?
Definition
Mathematics
Term
According to Descartes, what are the two substances that God created?
Definition
spirit and matter
Term
All of the following are included in the "three humiliations" that Europe experienced except:
Definition

a.  The earth is not the center of the universe.

b.  People are creatures of nature like other animals.

c.  Man cannot prove his own existence.

d.  People's reason is affected by their passion and instinct.

Term
All of the following are considered to be founders of modern science and philosophy except:
Definition

a.  Thomas Hobbes

b.  Rene Descartes

c.  Francis Bacon

d.  Galileo Galilei

Term
All of the following happened to Galileo after he wrote and published his book Dialogues Concerning the Two Chief World Systems except:
Definition

a.  He was judged a heretic and forced to recant.

b.  He was forced to live in exile in Denmark.

c.  He was forced to recant his views on the heliocentric theory.

d.  His book was condemned to a public burning and later prohibited.

e.  He was sentenced to a lifetime of house arrest.

Term
All of the following were scientific inventions, discoveries and advances made by Galileo except:
Definition

a.  developed an improved telescope

b.  developed the compass and astrolabe

c.  devised two laws of motion

d.  proved the heliocentric theory

e.  invented the thermometer

Term
When did the Church of Rome officially declare that Galileo had been treated unfairly?
Definition
1992
Term
All of the following were part of Galileio's scientific method except:
Definition

a.  The sharing of knowledge for the benefit of all.

b.  A Pythagorean faith in the mathematical order of nature.

c.  The practice of abstracting and intuiting mathematical laws.

d.  Experimentation under rigidly controlled conditions.

Term
Why were people suspicous of Galileo's telescope?
Definition
Because philosophers and scientists had learned not to trust the senses, especially visual phenomenon.
Term
What is the name for the process whereby factual information is collected through experiment and observation leading to general statements based on observable data?
Definition
Inductive Method
Term
How did Thomas Jefferson's view about unalienable rights differ from John Locke's?
Definition
He excluded the right to property and added the right to the pursuit of happiness.
Term
John Locke believed that natural law gave people all of the following unalienable rights except:
Definition

a.  life

b.  liberty

c.  pursuit of happiness

d.  property

Term
Who believed that the people had a right to revolt if the government violated their trust?
Definition
John Locke
Term
All of the following happened during Louis XiV's reign except:
Definition

a.  The palace of Versailles was built.

b.  The nation was crippled by an archaic economic system with local customs barriers, tax farming and a nobility that paid no taxes at all.

c.  Revocation of the Edict of Nantes.

d.  250,000 mostly middle class craftsmen and their families fled the country.

e.  France became the most powerful monarcy in Europe.

f.  A new Bill of Rights was enacted.

Term
What beliefs are associated with the Marquis de Condorcet?
Definition
One can discover universally valid truths in ethics, economics and government that are as certain as the facts of mathematics and science.
Term
What was the purpse of God in Newton's universe?
Definition

a.  God was responsible for adjusting the slight irregularities in the motions of the heavenly bodies.

b.  God was responsible for maintenance of an even flow of time and space.

c.  God was responsible for delivering "natural" punishment to the evil.

d.  A and B

e.  Non of the above.  God had no purpose.

Term
Who claimed that the world was orderly and knowable and that human societies could be made orderly and rational through the exercise of enlightened reason?
Definition
Isaac Newton
Term
Newton is responsible for all the following discoveries, inventions and advances except:
Definition

a.  universal law of gravitation

b.  invention of calculus

c.  conducted important investigations into optics

d.  perfected the scientific method

e.  studied the properties of magnetism and sound vibration.

 

Term
What was the prevailing mood in northern Europe during the early modern period?
Definition
Optimism
Term
What is Social Contract Theory?
Definition
Government by consent of the governed.
Term
What did Thomas Hobbes believe needed to be done in order to ensure peace and security in a society?
Definition
He believed that citizens should sacrifice some freedoms for the good of the state.
Term
Why was the Baroque period referred to as the "Age of Reason"?
Definition
Because of the extraordinary advances made in the sciences.
Term
What was the auto-da-fe?
Definition
The practice of burning heretics at the stake.
Term
What did the most powerful European countries fight over during the Baroque period?
Definition

a.  National boundaries

b.  The establisment of overseas colonies

c.  Religion

d.  Constitutional rights

e.  a and b

Term
What are the dates for the Baroque period?
Definition
1600-1750
Term
What does the Prtuguese term "barroco" mean?
Definition
Irregularly shaped pearl
Term
One of the best known absolutists of the Baroque era was:
Definition
Louis XIV
Term
_____________ was a movement launched by the Roman Catholic Church to turn back Protestantism.
Definition
The Counter-Reformation
Term
What is Divine Right?
Definition
The belief that the right to rule comes directly from God.
Term
What was the Inquistion?
Definition
A process designed to identify, suppress and/or punish those who disagreed with the Church's views.
Term
Which of the following occured during the Baroque era?
Definition

a.  The improvement of the telescope

b.  The invention of calculus

c.  The discovery of the universal law of gravitation

d.  A bood was written proving the heliocentric theory.

e.  All of the above.

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