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Art 261 World Architecture
Classical/Hellenistic/terms
28
Art History
Undergraduate 2
03/12/2009

Additional Art History Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
Bouleutarion
Definition

Ancient Greek Assembly Building or Council hall

 

Usually located in an Agora 

Term
Summer Solstice
Definition

Longest Day of the Year

 

 Important part of architectural layout for Stonehenge:

A person standing on the center of the circle on the morning of th summer solstice would look toward the Heel stone, and see the sun rise a little to the left of the large stone. 

Term
ziggurat
Definition

A Mesopotamian temple-tower in the form of a stepped pyramid

 

Ex.  Ziggurat of Ur-Nammu @ Ur 

Term
 entasis
Definition

The slight convex bulge given to a column to offset the optical illusion that it is thinner in the middle

 

Ex. Parthenon @ Athens 

Term
cella
Definition

The Main room in a Classical temple, housing the cult statue

 

 

Ex. Parthenon, Held statue of Athena Parthenos 

Term
double-peristyle hall
Definition

Roofed Structure, with two sets of colonades or two columned porches surrounding a building or courtyard.

 

 

Term
kouros
Definition
Archaic representation of a Male Youth.  Static and carefully planned body position envokes Egyptian predecessor
Term
Hippodamos
Definition

Hippodamus of Miletus  (498 BC — 408 BC)

 

was an ancient Greek Architect, Urban Planner, Physician, Mathematician, Meteorologist and Philosopher and is considered to be the “father” of urban planning, the namesake of Hippodamian plan of city layouts (grid plan).

 

He was born in Miletus and lived during the 5th century BC, on the spring of the Ancient Greece classical epoch.

 

His plans of Greek cities were characterised by order and regularity in contrast to the more intricacy and confusion common to cities of that period, even Athens. He is seen as the originator of the idea that a town plan might formally embody and clarify a rational social order.
Term
Hippodamian geometry
Definition

Hippodamian system relied on a theoretical formula of geometry & it was carefully adjusted to the demands of the site/environment.

 

Divided land into sectors (public, private, sacred), sometimes divided people into classes. 

 

systems involved the division of the urban territory into sectors, each w/ it own public areas for specific public functions (agora, port, etc.); and provision for the placement of individual public buildings. 

 

 

Term

The three successive phases of

Greco-Roman planning (Stoas)

 

Definition
1. Single Aisled, L-shaped (miletus)--problem w/ roof (5-4th c.)
 
2. Single Stoa w/ 3 arms or 2 L-shaped enclosing space (3rd-2nd c.)
 
3. Roman phase: Stoas & natural features (i.e. water) are used to enclose space (1st c. BCE) 
Term
Skias
Definition

circular building

 

also called Tholos

 

Usually found in agoras 

Term
[image]
Definition

Plan of Miletus

 479 BCE

Per Strigas scheme 

 

Grid was oriented Northeast & Southwest to best take advantage of the topographical layout.

 

Grid planned by Hippodamos of Miletus. (see Hippodamos card for details of city layout)

 

Triple division of city into sections for allocation of public areas and specific functions.

 

Agora was in the low-lying land in between the two harbors. 

Term
[image]
Definition

Kritios Boy

490-480 BCE

stood free of the four-square frame that had held them in the sixth century (archaic youth statues).

 

The head, instead of staring rigidly ahead, turned to one side and gently inclined forward in a manner that suggested introspection, thought, the mind beneath the stone surface
 

Term
[image]
Definition

The Akropolis

 

Citadel at Athens, first held Myceneaen fortress/temples

 

5th Century BCE Parthenon, Erectheion, propylia(entrance), theater, Statues of Athena etc.

 

 

Term
[image]
Definition

Miletus Agora

 

 Public forum served as democratic alternative to temple precinct and palace precinct.

 

Public speeches, citizens' assemblies, shows, social & commercial activity.

 

Agora @ Miletus was definied by stoas.

 

3 different Agora plans of Miletus 1) 5-4th century 2) 3-2nd century 3) 1st century BCE

 

*Check Fig. 7.9 in book for these models--couldn't find image to put on card 

Term
[image]
Definition

Stoa @ Miletus

 

Ionic Order Stoa

 

The agoras of Miletus are defined by Stoas, at least along three sides. 

 

A Stoa is:

A freestanding portico that  is much longer than it is wide.
 One  of the lengths is a solid wall while the other is a colonnade
 Sometimes the solid wall contains rooms as well

Term
Ionic Order
Definition

Taller, Thinner Columns

 

Scolled, volute capitals

 

Separate column base

 

Ionic order was used in the miletus Stoas. 

Term
[image]
Definition

Athenian Agora

 

Center for public forum, commerce, & delegation of citizen duties.

 

Contatined Stoas, Panathenaic Way, skias, Bouleuterian, prytaneion(town hall), other govn't buildings. 

Term
[image]
Definition

Parthenon inner Frieze

 

431 BCE

 

Depicts a procession of Athenians ascending upon the Akropolis on the day of celebration 

Term
[image]
Definition

Theater at Epidauros

 

300 BCE

Perfect example of preserved classical theater

 

Chorus becomes detached from the action and assigned independent songs of its own.  

 

According to Kostoff, the pricipal actors were on a shallow elevated stage, while the chorus stayed in the center orchestra. 

Term
[image]
Definition

Hellenistic Ruler

 

a heroic portrait, bronze statue, later 2nd century B.C. 

 

Humanity is Revealed--> viewer is empathetic

 

Statues depict either gloating victory, or pitiful defeat

 

ethos reigns supreme

 

society moves towards  expressionistic  sculpture/architecture

 

body powerful-->face worried 

Term
Hellenistic Period
Definition
Circa 323 BCE (the death of Alexander) to roughly 146 BCE (the annexation of Greece to the Roman Republic).
Term
[image]
Definition

Laokoon and His Sons

 

a statue in the Hellenistic style, probably a Roman copy from the first century CE, of a mid second century original.

 

Kostoff:The classical hero is ethical!

 

Classical art often shows the hero caught in the moment of decision, his dilema unresolved

 

Because the image eliciting a predictable response, we are forced into sympathy, which means feeling for, not with. 

 

 

Term
[image]
Definition

Bassae, Temple of Apollo

Late 5th Cent. BCE

 

NorthSouth orientation

 

Doric Columned peristyle, ionic inner column

 

inner columns engaged-->freeing middle interior space

 

One interior corinthian column 

 

Metal enforcements in ceiling

 

here the ionic capitals are purely decorative 

 

 

UNDOING OF CLASSICAL UNITY BETWEEN STRUCTURE & APPEARANCE 

Term
[image]
Definition

Temple of Apollo at Didyma erected over the sixth century BCE structure that was begun in the fourth century BCE and never finished.

 

Double Peristyle 

 

Revision of Ionic Order:  @ Didyma the columns are the tallest & slimmest of any greek temple

 

Start of "historiated capitals."  Capitals that depict Zeus, Apollo, or Leo.

 

Devotee must pass the 5 rows of columns and then descend down a ramp into the large open-aired hall. 

Term
[image]
Definition

Hellenistic Athenian Agora Plan

 

1st Century BCE

 

Hellenistic architects made modifications to pre-existing Greek plans.

 

The once bent stoa on the south side was straightened.

 

another stoa further north has pushed back the odd-shaped public space

 

Bema(speaking platform installed) 

 

 

Term
[image]
Definition

PERGAMON

 

A city that became the capital of the  Attalid Kingdom during the Hellenistic period. The Attalid dynasty ruled from 281to133 BC. The Attalids allied with Rome, against Macedon, during the Macedonian wars. Pergamon saw itself as an inheritor of the Athenian legacy. The construction of an Akropolis, then, can be seen as a direct result of such an attribution.  

Term
Delos
Definition

island that became an important trading post and center of aegean grain market under Romans 136 BCE

 

Larger halls were developed to better facilitate flourishing trade

 

 

Picture on pgs 178 & 179 

 

(I don't believe we covered this, so i'm not sure the parts to highlight)  

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