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Arm forearm
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145
Anatomy
Graduate
12/09/2010

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Cards

Term
humerus and septa
Definition
what separates the anterior and posterior components of the arm
Term

musculocutaneous nerve * supplies the bicep brachii, brachialis muscle, coracobrachialis ( from the lateral cord of the brachial plexus)

terminal branch  is lateral cutaneous nerve of forearm

Definition
muscles of anterior compartment of arm are flexors supplied by ....
Term
biceps brachii ( has two heads )
Definition

a long head in the bicipital groove across shoulder joint to supraglenoid tubercle

short head to the coracoid prcess

Term

biceps brachii

( important supinator of forearm when elbow is flexed )

Definition
inserts on tuberosity of radius by biceps tendon and by biciptal aponeurosi to forearm fascia
Term
Brachialis
Definition
deep to biceps , originates on distal portion of humerus and inserts on tuberosity and coronid process of ulna 
Term
Coracobrachialis ( adducts the arm when abducted)
Definition
from coracoid pricess of scapula to humerus together with pectoralis major
Term
ulnar and median nerves
Definition
what passes through the anterior compartment  but dont have branches here
Term
median nerve ( 1st lateral to the artery  then becomes median in the distal part of arm and in the cubital fossa)
Definition
what runs with the brachial artery
Term
triceps
Definition
long head originates at infraglenoid tubercle of scapula ; lateral and medial heads arise lateral and medial to the radial groove ( they dont act on the shoulder)
Term
radial nerve and profunda brachii artery  ( supplies the posterior compartment  muscles )
Definition
whats in the radial groove
Term
insert on the olecranon process of the ulna and is an extensor of elbow joint
Definition
where does the triceps insert
Term
anconeus
Definition
small muscle extending from the lateral epicondyles of the humerus to the olecranon process of the ulna
Term
axillary nerve
Definition
comes from the posterior cord ,  but cutaneous branches supply anterior skin  distal to the should joint
Term
branch of radial nerve
Definition
supplies the lateral anterior skin
Term
intercostobrachial nerve
Definition
lateral cutaneous branch of T2 supplies skin covering the rib cage and adjacent points of the arm
Term
True
Definition
True or False : Medial  and posterior cutaneous supply their named areas
Term
cubital fossa ( bound by the biciptal aponeurosis at the roof and the supinator at the floor, pronator teres medially and the brachioradialis laterally )
Definition

triangular region anterior  and distal to elbow joint

*  location of nerves and blood vessels

Term
suerficial venous drainage
Definition
portion of the venous drainage of the upper limb involves veins that run in the superficial fascia and have no arterial counterparts ( similar to the saphenous vein of lower limbs)
Term
median cubital vein ( used for blood drawing and placement of intravenous lines)
Definition
connects the cephalic vein and basilic vein in the cubital fossa
Term
Definition
medial cubital vein is superficial to the biciptal aponeurosis ( roof of the cubital fossa)
Term

median nerve and brachial artery

  • biciptal aponeurosis protects the deeper structures
Definition
lies between the biciptal aponeurosis and the brachialis muscle
Term

ulnar arteries gives off a common interosseos artery that divide into anterior and posterior interosseos arteries

  • ** occasionally the radial an ulnar arteries aris more proximall and one of them superficial to biceps tendo n possible danger in blood drawing
Definition
deep to biceps tendon , are the brachial artery  divide into the radial and ulnar arteries 
Term
  • deep branches run through the supinator in the floor of the cubital fossa and become posterior interosseous nerve  supplied posterior comp.
  • superficial is cutaneous and continues toward the hand under cover of the brachioradialis muscle ( supply the back of the hand)
Definition
where do the superficial and deep branches of radial nerve run ?
Term
passes between the two heads of the pronator teres and continues in the forearm under cover of the flexor digitorum superficialis muscle ( nerve supplies both muscles)
Definition
where does the median nerve pass
Term
radius , ulnar and interosseous membrane
Definition
what divide the forearm in anterior and posterior comp.
Term
 branches of the median and ulnar nerves ( deeper muscles supplied by anterior interosseous branch of median nerve)
Definition
anterior comp of forearm is supplied by the
Term
posterior interosseous nerve ( deep branches of the radial nerveO
Definition
posterior comp. of the forearm is supplied by
Term
  • from lateral to medial
  • pronator teres
  • flexor carpi radialis
  • palmaris longus
  • flexor carpi ulnaris
Definition
all originate from a common flexor origin on the medial epicondyle of the humerus
Term
pronator teres
Definition
  • inserts on the radius and draws the radius medially over the ulna causes pronatio
  • attached to the medial epicondyle of humerus and coronoid process of ulna
Term
palmaris longus
Definition
attached to the palmar aponeurosis of the hand , it may be missing
Term
flexor carpi radialis
Definition
attaches distally to the base of the 2nd and 3rd metacarpals
Term
flexor carpi ulnaris
Definition

attaches to the pisiform and the hook of the hamate with an extension to the 5th metacarpal

 

supplied by the ulnar nerve

flexes the wrist with the flexor carpi radialis

Term

flexor carpi radialis and ulnaris

pronator teres

palmaris longus

Definition
layer 1 of the anterior comp. of the forearm
Term
flexor digitorum superficialis
Definition

layer 2 of the anterior compartment of the forearm

 

attaches to the middle phalanx of digits 2-5 and flexes proximal interphalangeal joints  ( median nerves lies deep to this and supplies this )

Term

flexor digitorum profundus

flexor pollicis longus

Definition
layer 3 of the ant. comp. of forearm
Term
flexor digitorum profundus
Definition
  • from ulna and interosseous membrane
  • inserts into distal phalanx and flexes  distal interphalangeal joint of digits 2-5
  • ulnar 1/2 supplied by ulnar nerve
  • radial 1/2  supplied by deep branch of the median nerve which is the anterior interosseous nerve
Term
Definition
"ulnar supplies 1 1/2 muscles in the forearm and 1 1/2 digits in the had "
Term
Flexor pollicis longus
Definition
  • from radius and interosseous membrane
  • attached to the distal phalanx of the thumb and flexes the interphalangeal joint
Term

2 phalanges

1 IP joint

Definition
how many IP ( interphalangeal joints)  in the thumb and how many phalanges ?
Term

pronator quadratus

supplied by the anterior interosseous nerve

Definition
  • layer 4 of the ant comp. of the forearm
  • square pronator
  • attached to radius and ulnar at their distal ends ( deep to flexor digitorum profundus ) 

 

Term
  • radial artery run distally with superficial branch of the radial nerve ( under brachioradialis )
  • ulnar -->  gives rise to common interosseous artery ( under flexor carpi ulnaris )
Definition
arteries of the ant comp . of the forearm
Term

2 layers : superficial and deep

superficial : 3 lateal muscles, 3 medial muscle ,and 3 muscles that "crop out " betwen them

Definition
How many layers of the posterior comp of forearm ?
Term

brachioradialis

2 wrist extensors ( extensor carpi radialis longus and extensor carpi radialis brevis )

Definition
lateral muscle of the superficial layer of the post comp of the forearm
Term
brachioradialis
Definition

this is an exception* , supplied by the radial nerve ,  but is on the anterior side of the forearm and is a flexor of the elbow.

  • attached to the distal styloid of the radius and thus doesnt cross the wrist joint
  • assists in supination and pronation to the "working position" of the forearm ( 1/2 pronated with elbow partially flexed )
Term

1) extensor carpi longus ( superficial to brevis and supplied by the radial nerve b4 superficial and deep branches)

 

2) extensor carpi brevis

Definition

1) arises from the lateral epicondyle of the humerus and attaches to the base of the 2nd metacarpal (lateral)

 

2) arises from the common extensor origin and attaches to the base of the 3rd metacarpal (medial)

Term

simultaneous contraction of the wrist extensor and flexors on one side bends the hand toward the side

 

  • "power grip" - ulnar adduction combined with supination for twisting against resistance
  • "precision grip"- thumb and index finger

 

Definition
radial or ulnar deviation  or adduction -abduction
Term

extensors pollicis longus

extensor pollicis brevis

abductor pollicis longus

Definition
3 outcropping muscles between the lateral and medial muscles  ( cause movement of the thumb) of post comp of forearm
Term
extensor pollicis longus
Definition
attaches to the distal phalanx and extends the IP joint of the thumb
Term
extensor pollicis brevis
Definition
attaches to the proximal phalanx and extends the MP joint
Term
abductor pollicis longus
Definition
attaches to base of 1st metacarpal. it abducts thumb from plane of palm
Term
extensor indicis
Definition
inserts into the extensor expansion of the index finger and is an addtl extensor of the finger
Term
bounded by the tendons of extensor pollicis longus and extensor pollicis brevis together with abduction pollicis ( depression is present, scaphoid and radial artery lie deep to the depression )
Definition
anatomical snuff box
Term
Definition

skin of the forearm is supplied by cutaneous nerve

lateral , medial , and posterior cutaneous nerve are branches from the cords of the brachial plexus

Term

 the supinator is wrapped around the proximal end of the radius

  • contractu causes supination ( has two heads  , assist ulnar head in supination )
  • deep branch of radial nerve supplies this muscle
Definition
deep to the wrist extensor and brachioradialis ??
Term
scaphoid
Definition
shaped like a ship ( navicular )
Term
trapezium
Definition
articulates with the 1st metacarpal ( both are saddle shaped)
Term
pisiform
Definition
shaped o pea , sesamoid bone in the tendon of flexor carpi ulnaris
Term
hook of hamate
Definition
projection that is an attachment for flexor carpi ulnaris
Term
wrist joint or radiocarpal joint
Definition
lies between the radius and its articular disk and the proximal carpal bones
Term
midcarpal joint
Definition
between the proximal and distal rows of carpal bones
Term
midcarpal joint
Definition
abduction /adduction ( radial and ulnar deviation) occurs
Term

broken wrist

  • Colles fracture - both radius and ulnar are fractured
Definition
fracture of the distal end of the radius aka dinner fork deformity
Term
palmar aponeurosis
Definition
attachment for the tendon of palmaris longus , provides stron fascial support and protection for deeper strucutre
Term
Dupuytrens contractureis
Definition
common in older men , fibrosis and contraction of the palmar aponeurosos cause excess flexion of finger
Term
palmaris brevis
Definition
lies medial to the palmar aponeurosis
Term

flexor retinaculum

  • attaches laterally to the scaphoid and medially to pisiform
Definition
a band of fibrous connective tissue that bridhes over the palmar surface of the wrist and prevent the flexor tnedons from pulling away from the wrist during flexion ( bowstringing
Term

flexor retinaculum and carpal bones

( tendons of the flexor muscles for the digits and the thumb and median nerve run through the tunnel )

Definition
forms carpal tunnel , innervated by  median nerve
Term
flexor carpi ulnaris
Definition
attached to pisiform and hamate ( lies outside of carpal tunnel)
Term
thenar and hypothenar eminences
Definition
deepen the hollow of the hand and improve the grip
Term

abductor pollicis brevis

- assist in abdcut the thumb away from the palm ( attached to the proximal phalanx)

Definition
lateral to thenar ( bulge of muscles of the thumb) 
Term
flexor pollicis brevis
Definition
flexes the metacarpophalangeal joint , medial to the thenar eminence
Term
opponens pollicis
Definition
attached to 1st metacarpal , rotates the thumb 90 degrees during opposition
Term
recurrent branch of the median nerve
Definition
pollicis muscles are supplied by
Term
hypothenar eminence
Definition
bulge of muscle of little finger
Term
  • abductor digiti minimi
  • flexor digiti minimi brevis
  • opponens digiti minimi
Definition
  • medial to hypothenar ( ht)   -abducts little finger
  • lateral to ht - flexor of MP joint of little finger
  • deep to both attached to the 5th metacarpal

these muscles are supplied by the ulnar nerve

Term
swelling on a flexor tendon may be pulled out of hte fibrous sheath  then snapped back in during forced extension
Definition
causes trigger finger
Term
primarily - ulnar artery but also innervations from the radial artery
Definition
superificial palmar arch is supplied by
Term
superficial palmart arch and superficial (cutaneous branches of the median and ulnar nerbe , the palmar digital arteries and nerves
Definition
deep to the palmar aponeurosis
Term

True ( the tendons of the profundus insert on the distal phalanz and flex the distal IP joint

superficialis insert at the mid phalanz and flex the proximal IP joint

Definition
True or False : tendons of flexor digitorum superficialis are split  to allow passage of tendons of flexor digitorum profundus
Term

lumbrical muscles

  • flex the MP joint and extend the IP joint
  • lumbricals of 2 and 3 digits are median nerve
  • lumbricals of 4 nd 5  supplied by ulnar
Definition
(worm muscles) that are attached to tendons of flexor digitorum profundus andto the extensor expansion on the raidal side of the finger
Term
dorsal digital arteries
Definition
branch of the  dorsal metacarpal arteries arising form the radial artery or dorsal carpal arch
Term
adductor pollicis
Definition
adducts the thumb ,  arises from the 3rd metacarpal and inserts onto the proximal phalanz of hte thumb  ( supplied by the ulnar nerve
Term

palmar and dorsal interossei ( between the bones)

  • located between the metacarpals and controls MP joint
  • PAD palmar adducts  (3)  2,4, 5 digits -of middle finger
  • DAB dorsal abducts (4)  for 2, 3,4  of middle finger

 

Definition
deepest muscles of the hand 
Term
web between the thumb and 1st finger
Definition
contains the 1st dorsal interosseous muscle
Term
True
Definition
True or false - thumb has its own adductor
Term

superficial - cutaneous to the little finger and medial side of the ring finger

deep - passes laterally between the pisiform bone and the hook of hamate in Guyon's canal ( where is may be compressed), continues laterally and supplies hypothenar eminence , interossei and adductor pollicis

Definition
superficial and deep innervations of ulnar nerve of the hand
Term
radial, extensor muscles
Definition
damage to the __________ nerve in the arm causes wrist drop due to the inability to control____
Term
ulnar , MP joint
Definition
damage to _________ causes claw hand due to inability to flex ______ joints using interossei , results in hyperextension of this joint
Term
median
Definition
damage to _______nerve in the forearm interferes with opposing the thumb ( thenar eminence ) and causes sensory deficits in the thumb, index , and middile fingers ( those used in precision grip
Term

above + ant - mandible

above  + lateral - mastoid and styloid process

above + post.- occiptal bone , external occiptal protuberance

below- sternum and clavicle

spinous process and transverse process of cervical vertebra

Definition
neck lies between head and thorax
Term
posterior neck
Definition
contains the vertebral column supporting the head and enclosing the spinal cord
Term
anterior neck
Definition
has a colleciton of tubes and nerve ( piping and wiring )
Term

carotid arteries , jugular veins, vertebral arteries

thyroid and parathyroid

Definition
blood vessels and glands in the neck
Term
investing fascia
Definition
surrounds the entire neck, is an extension of the deep fascia on the most external msucles, sternocleidomastod and trapezius
Term
pretracheal fascia and buccopharyngeal fascia
Definition
surrounds the pharynx and larynx and their contiuations as the trachea and esophagus , encloses the thyroid gland
Term
prevertebral fascia
Definition
covers the vertebra column and associated muscles
Term
retropharyngeal space
Definition
lies behind the buccopharyngeal fasicia,  it is continuous with the mediastinum and can alow the spread of infection from head into the thorax
Term
carotid sheath
Definition

surrounds the carotid artery , jugular vein , and vagus nerve

*** vagus  and jugular vein leaves the skull via the jugular foramen

Term
small body, large vetebral canal , transverse foramina, bifid spinous process ( linked by ligamentum nuchae )
Definition
features of vertebra 3-7
Term
dens has facets that articular with axis and transverse ligament
Definition
featues of 2nd vertebrae, axis
Term

has no body, but lateral masses and anterior and posterior arches facts that articulate with axis( anterior arch)  , articulate with the occiptal condyles ( flexion-exension)

  • movements of the head are controlled by subocciptal triangle 
Definition
feature of  1st vertebra  , atlas
Term

posterior back muscles stabilize and extend the vertebral column

 

Definition
trapezius attaches to the inion ( spine of the scapula and spinous process of thoracic vertebrae
Term
rhomboids, major and minor, levator scapulae
Definition
control movements of the scapula and head
Term

three columns  ( transverse and spinous process , angles of the ribs )

spinalis and semispinalis capitis attached to spinous process

longissimus - attached to transverse process iliocostalis - attached to rib angles

semispinal capitis insert on the occiput betweeen the sup and inf  nuchal lines

 

Definition
deep to the trapezius ( deep back muscles , hold the head up, resisting flexion of the cervical vertebral column
Term
splenius
Definition
(bandage)  superficial to semispinalis capitis and attached to spinous procss and to the superior nuchal line and mastoid process
Term
longus colli
Definition
( long muscles of the neck)  , are on the anterior side of vertebral column, flex the column anterior/lateral
Term
transverse process, posterior tubercle of the atlas and the spinous process of the axis
Definition
attachments for the subocciptal triangle
Term
greater occiptal nerve ( C2)
Definition
cutaneous nerve the passes superficial to the triangle and through the semispinalis muscle to reach skin and supply  it
Term
subocciptal nerve (C1 ) supplies the muscles of the triangle
Definition
 subocciptal triangle contains
Term

hyoid bone

  • attached to thyroid cartilae  via the thyrohyoid ligament - controlled vertical postion of the thyroid cartilage ( pharynx and larynx)
Definition
U shaped , has a body two lesser horns  and two greater horns  for attachment of muscles
Term
  • anterior triangle
  • digastric triangle -submandibular gland
  • submental triangle -ant jugular vein, lymph nodes
  • carotid triangle- carotid artery
  • muscular triangle -strap muscles, thyroid and parathyroid glands
Definition
triangles of the anterior neck
Term

sympathetic chain

- branches from sup. cervical ganglion regulate blood supply to face and brain.

other ganglia control blood supply in upper limb and upper thorax

Definition

lies in the prevertebral fascia, receives input from T1-T4  via rami communicantes ,

synapses in cervical ganglia and postganglionic fiber travels  blood vessels to regulate blood pressure

Term
glossopharyngeal nerve
Definition
supplies posterior 1/3  of tongue with taste and general sensation, also innervate the carotid body and carotid sinus , ( these measure CO2 content and blood pressure respectively, )
Term
vagus nerve
Definition

carries parasympathetic and sensory supply to thethorax and abdomen

carries somatic motor fiber ( given off as sup. and recurrent laryngeal nerves)  to pharynx and larynx

 

Term
Definition
lymp enters the venous system at junc btw subclavian vein and internal jugular vein
Term
internal jugular vein
Definition
receives facial and retromandibular vein  as well as superior thyroid vein
Term
costocervical trunk
Definition

arise from the right brachiocephalic trunk or the left subclavian artey 

- supply cervical muscle and upper intercostal spaces

next branch is on verterbral artery ( supply post brain

- thyrocervical supply neck and thyroid gland

Term
common carotid artery
Definition

 divides into internal and external carotid ,

internal carotid - goes to carotid canal and supply brain

external carotid- sup. thyroid , lingual , facial

occiptal , ascending pharyngeal

external divide  into final branches maxillary and superficial temporal arteries

Term

consists of two lobes connected by an isthmus across the midline

-supplied with blood by superior thyroid artery ( first branch of external carotid )  inferiorr thyroid artery  (from the thyrocervical trunk) 

- gland is drained by super. ,middle , and infer. thyroid veins

anterior to the trachea  below the thyroid cartilage

Definition
thyroud gland supplied by
Term

- lies in btw investing fascia ( enclose nech  and continuous with trapezius fascia and sternocleidomastoid)

- attached to hyoid and thyroid cartilage ( enclosed by pretracheal fascia

- posterior of pretracheal is buccopharyngeal fascia ( sep. by retropharyngeal space  which is pathway for infection into mediastinum of thorax)

Definition
fascia of strap muscles
Term

thyrohyoid and geniohyoid

-innervated by branches of C1 that travel with CN XII( not part of ansa )

Definition
uppermost strap muscles
Term
Definition

innervation of ( strapmuscles) C1 -C3  ansa cervicalis just lateral to the internal jugular vein

C1 - sup. limb of ansa travel with hypoglossal nerve (CN XII)

C2-C3   inferionr limb

SOS ( sternohyoid , omohyoid, sternothyroid )  supply these ( after ansa loop

Term
omohyoid
Definition
two bellied muscles attaching the hyoid to scapula just medial to the scapular notch  , pulls the hyoid bone downward
Term
geniohyoid
Definition
run anteriorly from the hyoid to the genial tubercle on the inside of the mandible , parts of the floor of the mouth , supports the tongue
Term

digastric muscles

anterior and posterior bellies of digastric attached to hyoid by tendion of stylohyoidbone

Definition

posterior belly attaches to the digastric groove on the medial side of tue mastoid process , supplied by facial nerve

-anterior belly attaches to the genial tubercles on the insde of hte mandible - supplied by the trigeminal nerve ( MAST MATT - mylohyoid, anterior digastric, tensor tympani , tensor veli palatini

Term
stylohyoid muscle
Definition
attaches to styloid process of skull and hyoid bone, innervated by facial nerve  (  leaves at the stylomastoid foramen)
Term
sternohyoid
Definition
most superficial and longest , attach to sternum and hyoid
Term
mylohyoid
Definition

attached to mylohyoid line of the mandible and hyoid bone, innervated by the motor root of cranial nerve V3 ( trigeminal )

press th tongue upward with digastric muscles

Term
glenohumeral or shoulder joint
Definition
specialized for motion rather than stability , joint between the glenoid fossa of scapula and head of humerus
Term

glenoid fossa  is deepened by a lip of cartilage , glenoid labrum

 

attachment of long head biceps to supraglenoid tubercle ( inthe bicipital groove by transverse humeral ligament )  ; ( coracoacromial ligament -prevents upward movement of humeral head )

Definition
Term
coracoacromial ligament
Definition
prevent dislocation of the humeral head , lies above the head of the humerus , links the coracoid and acromiom processes
Term
joint capsule
Definition
strong but thin to allow range of motion , strengthened anteriorly by glenohumeral ligament and superiorly by coracohumeral ligament
Term

-subscapular burse deep to subscapularis

-synovial sheath for the biceps tendon

Definition
extensions of the shoulder  joint capsule form
Term

latissimus dorsi ( attach to the floor)  and teres major -attaches to scapula ( behind the chst wall  and medial to lat. dorsi )

 

Definition
posterior muscles of the back
Term
acromicoclavicular joint
Definition
-transmits movement of the scapula to clavicle  , dislocation of this known as shoulder separation
Term
bursitis
Definition
inflammation of the subacromial bursa ( causes pain and difficutly with abduction , damage to the burse may also allow the supraspinatus tendon to rub against the acromion ( allow communication of subacromial bursa and shoulder joint cavity )
Term

SITS - supraspinatus  ( abductor)  lies sup. to joint ,infraspinatus, and teres major ( both are lateral rotators , lie posterior )

subscapularis - medial rotator

supraspinatus and infraspinatus - innervated by suprascapular nerve and artery

Definition
rotator cuff muscles
Term
long head of triceps passes between teres minor and teres major  creating these spaces
Definition
quadriangular( allows passage of the axillary nerve and posterior circumflex artery )  and triangular spaces (  allows passage of radial nerve and profunda brachii artery )
Term
Hiltons Law
Definition

says that nerves supplying a join are bracnhes of nerves supplying muscles that act on the joint

nerves that supply the shoulder joit are braches of the suprascapular , axillary and lateral pectora nerves

Term

pect. major- adductor and medial rotator

deltoid - abductor , flexor , extensor ( attaches to spine of scapular , acrommion , and lateral third of the clavicle )

triceps - an extensor via long head

biceps - flexor

teres major and l. dorsi -adductors

 

Definition
muscles that act on the shoulder joint
Term
winged scapula
Definition
damage to the long thoracic nerve results in the scapula bulging outward  and weakness in abduction
Term

serratus anterior

 

serratus and trapezius - full abduction of upper limb ( both supplied by the spinal accessory nerve and long thoracic nerves)

Definition
-holds the scapula close to the chest wall
Term

sternoclavicular joint , acromioclavicular joint

 

Definition
allows hinging and rotation of the clavicle , allow motion of the scapula
Term
Definition
** note to self look at clinical correlations of should and elbow
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