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Archaeology 100 midterm #1
For SFU students
152
Archaeology
Undergraduate 1
09/30/2012

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Term
When did the warming trend start? and what happened during that?
Definition
~16,000 years ago. Sea levels rose, large pleistocene herds started to disappear. animals became more solitary. cooperative hunting was less productive
Term
What else happened during the warming trend?
Definition
Plant foods were abundant. resources like fish became more common, due to new lakes, rivers and marshes.
Term
What did the people do during the warming trend?
Definition
new technologies, less cooperative hunting, more fish, more plants -> beginning of mesolithic
Term
The mesolithic can also be called...
Definition
the middle stone age
Term
When does the mesolithic occur?
Definition
the end of the pleistocene
Term
Where does the mesolithic occur earliest?
Definition
the middle east (the epi-paleolithic)
Term
When was the epi paleolithic?
Definition
~18,000 years ago
Term
What site is famous as an epipaleolithic site?
Definition
Kebara Cave, in Israel.
Term
What was the climate like in Kebara Cave?
Definition
wetter and cooler than today
Term
When did the mesolithic start in europe?
Definition
at the end of the pleistocene
Term
How long ago was the mesolithic in europe?
Definition
~11,000 - 5,500 years ago
Term
What did large, migratory species do during the mesolithic?
Definition
they moved north permanently.
Term
How many MAMMALIAN species went extinct in the mesolithic?
Definition
at least 35 species.
Term
Name some of the species that went extinct during the mesolithic?
Definition
mammoths, mastodons, giant sloths, giant armadillos, dire wolves, saber toothed cats.
Term
How long ago did those species go extinct?
Definition
11,000-10,000 years ago
Term
What changes did people start making in the way they lived in the mesolithic?
Definition
more gathering foodstuff, and storage of food
Term
Where did people live? in the mesolithic?
Definition
In permanent villages
Term
What kind of things did people start eating? in the mesolithic?
Definition
Fish, smaller game, plant foods
Term
What new tech appeared in the mesolithic?
Definition
microblades, backed microliths, stone grinding
Term
What does stone grinding indicate?
Definition
use of wild grains
Term
How did stone grinding come about?
Definition
sedentism. stone ground is more reliable
Term
what animal did humans domesticate during the mesolithic?
Definition
the dog
Term
What are microliths?
Definition
compound implements: they went into spears. They were pointy.
Term
Where is the fertile crescent?
Definition
From israel and jordan in the south, up to turkey, syria and lebanon in the north, east into northern iraq and west into iran
Term
What is the fertile crescent?
Definition
area of mediterranean climate that has dry summers, lots of rain in winter and can support vegetation (woods to open woodland)
Term
What happens east and south of the fertile crescent?
Definition
woodland turns to desert and steppes
Term
name the stages of agricultural development
Definition
1 - kebaran and geometric kebaran - 25-15 kya
2 - natufian - 15-12 kya
3 - early neolithic - 12-8,5 kya
4 - late neolithic - 8,5-7 kya
Term
what characterizes kebaran and geometric kabaran sites?
Definition
bladelets
didnt have burials because they were mobile
no evidence of plant/animal domestication
but plants were used like grasses, fruit, nuts
animals were also used and are not plants
Term
What characterizes the natufian sites?
Definition
lunates (crescent blades) parts of composite tools
Term
what were some key points of natufian culture?
Definition
13-10,2 kya
horticulture
earliest evidence of stored plant foods
roasting pits contained wild einkorn wheat (13,000 kya)
domesticated rye is at Abu Hureyra, Syria
they were not full time farmers
Term
what was the climate like in the natufian period?
Definition
drier and cooler
Term
What did the climate in the natufian period produce?
Definition
a decrease in the abundance of wild crops
Term
what did natufians do to survive in their colder climate?
Definition
artificially increased crop production
Term
Where did natufians live and what did their living structures look like?
Definition
villages. they were oval shaped or semicircles.
Term
What were natufian villages made from?
Definition
undressed stones piled up to form walls 1 m high
Term
What else was significant about the natufian settlements?
Definition
floors were covered in refuse. stones would have supported wood and brush.
Term
What was interesting about natufian burials?
Definition
there were lots
some had the skull removed from the body before burial
some had shells and head coverings
some were buried with dogs (domestication evidence)
Term
What did natufians eat?
Definition
large variety of wild plants
not evidence of domesticated plants
hunting mostly gazelles
no domesticated herd animals
dogs were domesticated however
Term
what can you call the neolithic?
Definition
new stone age
Term
early neolithic can be divided into...
Definition
pre pottery neolithic A and B
Term
what is pre pottery neolithic A?
Definition
12-10,8 kya
late in prolonged dry period
Term
what is pre pottery neolithic B?
Definition
10,8-8,5 kya
corresponds to a period of improved climate
Term
what did early neolithic technology look like?
Definition
shifting away from bladelets
based more on arrowheads
sickles, ground stone axes and adzes
grinding stone for grain
Term
the prepottery B site had use of...
Definition
plaster!!!!!!!!!!!
Term
What sort of settlements were in PP Neolithic A?
Definition
larger than before
communal structures
jericho tower (9m tall, mud and brick, attached to wall)
houses are still circular
Term
What changed in settlements from PPN A to B?
Definition
round houses -> rectangular houses
settlement size increase
more houses because shape
lots of planning in villages
no sense that there is centralized authority
Term
what kinds of rituals did the early neolithic have?
Definition
plaster skulls were made
cache in cave included a cap, a bag, beads, bone tools, arrowheads, stone mask with paint, human skull with net pattern
Term
What major shift did the neolithic include?
Definition
the shift from foraging to domestication
Term
What is the earliest evidence of the neolithic shift?
Definition
figs in PPN A
Term
When did farming develop?
Definition
in the prepottery neo. B period
Term
what did PPN B farm?
Definition
cereals, pulses, legumes
Term
what was domesticated in southwest asia?
Definition
wheat and barley
Term
what was domesticated in southeast asia?
Definition
rice and millet
Term
what was domesticated in north america?
Definition
corn
Term
what was domesticated in south america?
Definition
potato and cotton
Term
what were some examples of neolithic technology?
Definition
ground and polished stone tools
ceramics
plough (8000 years ago)
woven textiles
permanent housing
Term
what was the neolithic social structure like?
Definition
egalitarian - recognizes few differences in wealth of power
there were no public buildings
Term
what characterized late neolithic sites?
Definition
pottery manufacture
stone tools (minimal energy investment) (local materials)
limited number of large sites, many small dispersed hamlets
large sites not densely packed
symbolic figures -> animals -> toys
Term
what did the late neolithic eat?
Definition
hunting importance declines
domestication evidence in shape of goat horns
main source of food was domestic goat
symbolic emphasis on bulls
Term
what was interesting about late neolithic pottery?
Definition
earliest pottery has no link to milk from domesticated animals
Term
Where is mesoamerica?
Definition
From mexico to panama.
archaeologists - from mexico to honduras
Term
What was the first mesoamerican domestic plant and when?
Definition
squash
10-8,3 kya
Term
What was favoured in breeding squash?
Definition
larger seeds and then thickness in rind/colour
Term
What is the origin of maize?
Definition
true domestic corn in new mexico, 2500 BC
Term
when is domestic maize present in Mesoamerica?
Definition
5500 BC
Term
What did early maize look like in comparison with modern maize?
Definition
small hard seeds, like popcorn
small plant with single stalk, not a large husk
a mutation allowed larger kernels
Term
what was maize's ancestor?
Definition
teosinte (wild grass) domesticated from sugar in stalk. maybe used for alcohol
Term
How was maize used?
Definition
with grinding, it could make tortillas
Term
What was used to grind maize?
Definition
manos and metates
Term
what is interesting about domestic beans?
Definition
they were domesticated independantly in mesoamerica and andes
Term
what did maize culture eventually do?
Definition
spread up to north mexico and southwestern states in late archaic period. some areas adapted some didn't.
sedentism had impact
Term
what is the optimal foraging theory?
Definition
humans act on basis of rational self interest to maximize efficiency in collecting resources
Term
what characterizes the formative period?
Definition
intro of pottery
pottery overlaps with bean intro
turkey domestication
sites with pit houses
different village sizes
Term
What characterized the adena culture?
Definition
Early woodland period of east NA
ohio river valley
increasingly large burial mounds and practices
Term
What characterized hopewell?
Definition
hopewell mounds built over structures
many different things built
Term
what was the augustine mound?
Definition
metepenagiag in new brunswick
1000 copper beads
copper -> preserved textiles etc.
Term
What else was interesting about hopewell?
Definition
they exchanged goods across the continent
many expertly made beautiful things that had no use indicate status items
earthworks were not occupied but instead a place you would go for rituals
some earthworks are occupied
Term
Why is it hard to know about hopewell?
Definition
many of the places have been destroyed by modern things
alluvial soil buildup
Term
What did they eat in the early and middle woodland period?
Definition
based on cultivation of domestic plants
maize came in 2-1,8 BP
rare, did not play large role in diet
hunting and gathering still a big part of it
Term
in late woodfall, what sort of things changed?
Definition
maize in north ontario
ceramic vessels had maize as early as 1500 years ago
Term
When did maize play a significant part in diet?
Definition
1000 years ago
Term
What is Bruce Smiths model?
Definition
coevolutionary model for indigenous domestication of plants in east NA
climate change led to permanence of societies
led to gradual ecological changes that allowed emergence of domestic plants over several thousand years
Term
what are the 5 major stages of domestication in smith's model?
Definition
1. garbage heaps around longterm settlements are ecological niche for weeds.
2. people tolerated edible plants, got rid of useless plants
3. people encouraged and harvested useful plants, disposed of useless plants
4. seeds of best plants were planted every year
5. plants that were morphologically domesticated emerged
Term
what is prentices model (domestication?)
Definition
domestication might have been result of intentional actions by individuals
Term
gender bias is...
Definition
smiths model is biased, it was unconcious but it might also have been women who came up with it.
Term
watson and kennedy model for domestication?
Definition
women actively experimented with maize to develop better maize
Term
In africa what happened to hunting methods?
Definition
intensified hunting and gathering and fishing
Term
What areas did people live in Africa?
Definition
cave and rockshelter locations, open sites.
Term
What is one unique thing africa had as a tool?
Definition
wooden digging sticks
Term
Where were wooden digging sticks found?
Definition
waterlogged deposits in Gwisho hot springs in Zambia
Term
What relevance does the eland antelope have to Bushmen people?
Definition
was frequently depicted in cave art
there must have been a strong link
served as a link to the spirit world, powerful ritual symbol
Term
What did the rock painting of a trance dance depict?
Definition
5 men in bent forward position using dancing sticks. women are on either side clapping the rhythm of a song that will send the men into a trance
Term
What was significant about early african farming sites?
Definition
people with stonebased technology
situated north of equator
animals domesticated earlier than plants
indigenous and introduced species
Term
What was found in Daima, northeast Nigeria?
Definition
carbonized sorghum grain
Term
What did an excavation at Daima (lake chad) reveal?
Definition
a large mound grown over 2500 years of human occupation on the same spot starting in 1st millennium BC
Term
What was domesticated in africa?
Definition
oil palm, false banana, yams, cowpea, pearl millet, finger millet, sorghum
Term
What did the development of agriculture in africa involve?
Definition
indigenous domestication of plants
possibly animals
adoption of middle eastern domestic plants
adoption of middle easter domestic animals
Term
What are the 3 major regions of plant domestication in africa?
Definition
north east africa - tef, fingermillet, coffee
central africa - pearl millet, sorghum
west africa - african rice
Term
What plants and animals were introduced to africa from the middle east?
Definition
wheat, barley, lentils, goats, and sheep
Term
When did the Sahara desert become a desert?
Definition
within the last 4-5 kya. 14-4.5 kya, more rainfall -> human occupation possible
Term
What kind of villages existed across northern africa?
Definition
hunter gatherers
Term
How are hunter-gatherer sites in africa similar to natufian sites?
Definition
size, similar structures, exploitation of resources, grinding stones
Term
How are hunter-gatherer sites in africa different to natufian sites?
Definition
pottery/storage pits are in african sites, not natufian
Term
What was found at Gobero in the southern Sahara, in Niger?
Definition
cemetary which is evidence of habitation from 9.7-8.2 kya
Term
Where is the Gobero site located?
Definition
peninsula in a large lake, fish were a part of diet
Term
What artifacts were found at Gobero?
Definition
barbed bone points, bladelets, pottery
Term
Facts about pastoralists in North africa?
Definition
domestic animals before plants
cattle, sheep and goats were incorporated into HG mobile societies
Term
A pastoral society is...
Definition
focused on maintaining herds of domestic animals
Term
What is site 270 and where is it?
Definition
settlement of 200 hut circles, stone ring used as animal pen dating 7000 years ago
in Dakhleh oasis
wild and domesticated bones: gazelle, hartebeest, cattle, goats
Term
When was rice domesticated in asia?
Definition
yangtze and huai rivers, china, 9000 BP
Term
when was millet domesticated in asia
Definition
yellow river valley, china, by 8000 BP
Term
What did the site of Cishan indicate?
Definition
that the domestication of millet was 10,000 years ago
Term
Where were dogs, pigs and water buffalo domesticated?
Definition
Southern China
Term
Where were pigs and chickens domesticated?
Definition
Northern China
Term
What did yangshao villages look like?
Definition
consisted of both round semi subterranean houses and rectangular houses on the surface.
wild plants/animals exploited
millet and dogs and pigs domestic
pottery was made and elaborately painted
Term
What is the cave of Diaotonghuan?
Definition
there is a deep cultural sequence at this cave and it covers the period during which rice was first collected in the wild and then locally cultivated
can be tied to changing climate 12-8 kya
Term
What does the distribution of sites containing domestic rice say about the way people lived in the Yangzi valley?
Definition
they transitioned from hunting and gathering to farming (east/southeast asia)
Term
What was interesting about the neolithic village of Banbo near Xian?
Definition
it had a deep ditch all the way around, and cemetaries were outside that. houses were circular and widely spaced apart
Term
What kind of artifacts were found in the neolithic asia?
Definition
stone adzes (clearing forests/woodworking)
ban kao pottery from ban kao in central thailand (tripod vessels)
Term
the earliest date for domestic millet in korea is...
Definition
5300 years ago. 4300 years ago, rice, soybeans and wheat appeared in korea.
Term
Yayoi (in japan) is characterized with...
Definition
arrival of rice farmers in japan.
Term
What was found at Kotoragawa?
Definition
wooden agricultural tools (spade and hoe)
Term
What represented political power in New Guinea?
Definition
exchange of pigs, yams
Term
What was domesticated in New Guinea
Definition
yams, taro, banana, sugarcane, no cereal crops'
Term
What is the Humboldt Current?
Definition
brings cool water up the andean coast, responsible for marine wealth that allowed people to not need agriculture
Term
What is El Nino?
Definition
reversal of humboldt current, occurs every 25-40 years. decline in fish/shellfish, lots of rain and floods
Term
What are the Andes altitude zones?
Definition
quechua zone: 2300-3500 m (corn grows here)
suni zone: 3500-4000 m (indigenous crops)
puna zone: 4000-4800m (llamas and alpacas)
cordillera zone: 4800+m not used
Term
What type of villages were settled along the peruvian coast by 8000 BP?
Definition
houses built of reeds/grasses over a frame
10 families per village
burial data -> no hierarchy
Term
What were people like in these coastal villages?
Definition
relied on marine life
used plant life as well
gourds were domesticated but not a huge part of diet
Term
What are some domestic species in the andes?
Definition
beans from guitarrero cave -> 4300 BP
quinoa from panaulauca cave -> 5700-4500 BP
potatoes -> 4000-3000 BP
Term
When were llamas and alpacas domesticated?
Definition
10-5 kya. guinea pigs after this.
Term
what are some characteristics of the cotton preceramic?
Definition
named after prevalence of cotton seeds and absence of pottery in sites
often quite large and have monumental architecture
Term
What is the earliest monumental architecture in New world?
Definition
Huaca de los Idolos, 5.5-4.5 kya (flat topped pyramid)
Term
What was eaten in cotton preceramic?
Definition
lots of fish and shellfish
lots of domestic plants ( gourds squash etc)
cotton was used to make textiles and nets
Term
what was europe like 10 kya ago
Definition
mostly thick forest, some river and coast and wetlands
when agriculture happened rivers and valleys became the best place to be
Term
What is the 3 stages of neolithic europe
Definition
early, middle, late
Term
European farming was...
Definition
after middle east
did it come from diffusion/migration?
it varies a lot between regions
Term
Earliest evidence of farming is...
Definition
from greece (franchthi cave)
oats, lentils, peas, barley
domestic animals
Term
The mediterranean islands and coast were colonized by...
Definition
farmers from anatolia who followed the climate zone
Term
What are cardial ware ceramics?
Definition
use cardium shell to impress decoration into vessel before firing
characteristic of early farming communities of west med.
first made 5600 BC
Term
What is linear pottery culture?
Definition
straight or curved incised lines in pottery pieces.
includes ceramic sieve
adze
they had community longhouses
domestic animals and plants
Term
What else is interesting about LBK?
Definition
fixed plot horitculture
small hamlets up to 200 people
there were permanent occupations
Term
What did a bandkeramik longhouse look like?
Definition
patterns of postholes and then pitched roof covered side walls
Term
LBK also did trading, what did they trade?
Definition
used shells as beads and status items, egalitarian society
Term
In the middle neolithic...?
Definition
cultures increase dramatically
funnel beaker culture
had funnel beakers (no shit)
used copper a lot (6800 years ago)
Term
When did farming appear in the middle neolithic?
Definition
scandinavia - 6300 years ago
british isles - before 6000 years ago
expansion into forest zones
population increase
increase in warfare
Term
What are some major innovations from the middle neolithic?
Definition
domestic horses in central europe
wool production
wheeled vehicles
wooden tracks
ards
marks on burial mounds
Term
What else was an innovation of Mid Neo?
Definition
extensive use of metals (pendants, axes, beads, spearheads)
cheese
salt
alcohols
Term
What is complexity
Definition
socioeconomic inequality
Term
What has arch recently realized
Definition
huntergatherers and agricultural societies had social complexity without living in formal states
Term
What are megalithic monuments and when are they from?
Definition
appear after 6000 years ago
middle neolithic
coastal europe
they are tombs
Term
What else do we know about megalithic monuments
Definition
walled and roofed with stones
burial for many people/individuals
reused over time
bones moved inside
ritual activities inside
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