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Aquatic Ecology 497
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79
Biology
Undergraduate 3
12/11/2008

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Term
Natural Lake Origins
Definition
1. Tetonic
2. Volcanism
3. Glacial
4. Solution
5. Oxbow
6. Beaver Dams
7. Temporary ponds/lakes
Term
Anthropogenic Lake Origins
Definition
Reservoirs
Term
Tetonic forms
Definition
1. single or multiple faults
2. seafloor uplift
3. reversal of fluvial drainage
Term
single or multiple faults
Definition
(shifting of earth's crust)
Lakes Tahoe, Biwa, Baikal, and the Rift Valleys of Eastern Africa
Term
seafloor uplift
Definition
Lakes Okeecheobee and Chad, Caspian and Aral Seas
Term
reversal of fluvial drainage
Definition
(sinking, rising, and tilting)
Lakes Kyoga, Victoria, and Titicaca, and Reelfoot Lake (TN)
Term
Volcanism types
Definition
1. calderas
2. lava
Term
calderas
Definition
(crater lakes)
filling of defunct volcano
Crater Lake
Term
lava
Definition
damming fluvial valley
depressions in cooling lava
Term
Glacial types
Definition
1. cirque lakes
2. paternoster lakes
3. fjords
4. moraine dams
5. kettle lakes
6. cryogenic lakes
Term
cirque lakes
Definition
montane
Term
paternoster lakes
Definition
montane
series of cirque lakes connected by streams
Term
fjords
Definition
usually estuarine
deep, glacially carved valleys now flooded by ocean/sea
Term
moraine dams
Definition
moraine dams fluvial valley
Term
kettle lakes
Definition
glacial advance
retreat 'pits' in landscape
Term
cryogenic lakes
Definition
depression exposed to melting
permafrost landscape
Term
Solution
Definition
soluble rock landscape
esp. limestone CaCO2
collapses--new basin fills w/ water
Term
Oxbow
Definition
old meaner of large river
fills w/ fine sediment; both 'ends'
banana-shaped
Term
Temporary ponds/lakes
Definition
precipitation dependent
endorheic
ex: Playa lakes of west TX, upland ponds-Mammoth Cave NP
Term
Reservoirs
Definition
man-made dams
riverine drainage
Term
maximum density of water
Definition
@ 3.94 C
Term
connection between density and temp.
Definition
density decreases sharply w/ increasing temperatures
Term
Heat inputs
Definition
1. direct absorption of solar radiation
2. heat transfer from air
3. condensation of vapor at surface
4. heat transfer from sediment
Term
Heat losses
Definition
1. conduction to air
2. evaportation
Term
thermal stratification
Definition
- solar radiation warms surface waters--creating density differences
- light: exponential loss with inc. depth
- heat NOT distributed in similar manner
- lakes > 10 m
Term
Light
Definition
- ca. 50% transmitted in water used
- PAR (photosynthetically active radiation) = 400-700 nm
- phytoplankton and aquatic plants use 2- 60% of PAR
Term
thermal stratification
summer: three layers
Definition
1. epilimnion -> upper
2. mesolimnion -> middle
3. hypolimnion -> lower
* thermoline: rapid temp. change
Term
thermal stratification
lake: temperate zone
Definition
- moderately 'large' and 'deep'
- full ice cover in winter
- completely mix twice = DIMICTIC
Term
DIMICTIC
Definition
completely mix twice
Term
thermal stratification
lakes-> large, deep
Definition
- incomplete ice cover
- continual mixing through winter= MONOMICTIC
Term
thermal stratification
lakes-> large, deep
Definition
- incomplete ice cover
- continual mixing through winter= MONOMICTIC
Term
MONOMICTIC
Definition
continual mixing through winter
Term
thermal stratification
lakes: shallow
Definition
well- exposed to wind
layering continually formed, destroyed, reformed, etc.= POLYMICTIC
Term
POLYMICTIC
Definition
layering continually formed, destroyed, reformed, etc.
Term
thermal stratification
lakes: continually ice covered
Definition
never mix= AMICTIC
Term
AMICTIC
Definition
never mix
Term
thermal stratification
lakes: alternative system
Definition
- entire lake volume mixes on annual basis= HOLOMICTIC
- entire lake cannot mix on annual basis= MEROMICTIC
Term
HOLOMICTIC
Definition
entire lake volume mixes on annual basis
Term
MEROMICTIC
Definition
entire lake cannot mix on annual basis
Term
thermal stratification
Meromictic lakes: example
Definition
Lake Tanganyika
- permanent thermocline: 400 m
- seasonal thermocline: 20 - 100 m
Term
thermal stratification
Meromictic lakes: layering
Definition
- mirolimnion -> circulating upper stratum
- monolimnion -> deeper stratum either perenially or periodically isolated
Term
mirolimnion
Definition
circulating upper stratum
Term
monolimnion
Definition
deeper stratum either perennially or periodically isolated
Term
energy required to mix water
Definition
30 fold more energy required to mix water @ 24 C and 25 C @ 4 C and 5 C
Term
amount of light penetrating certain depths create lake structure
Definition
- into 'zones'
- generalized for holomictic lakes during the summer
Term
Photic (Euphotic)
Definition
- lake surface down to 1% light penetration (compensation depth)
- region of net O2 production during day
- includes all of littoral zone
- includes upper part of pelagic zone
Term
compensation depth
Definition
lake surface down to 1% light penetration
Term
Littoral Zone
Definition
- shallow
- often wave-swept
- rooted vegetation
- periphyton
Term
Pelagic Zone
Definition
- open water
- phytoplankton dominant 'plant'
Term
Aphotic Zone
Definition
- insufficient light (<1% penetration)
- no photosynthesis
- net O2 consumption
- includes profundal zone
Term
Carbon and Oxygen
sources
Definition
- atmosphere @ sea level = 760 mm Hg displaced
- are gases present in water available in same proportion as in air?
Term
atmosphere @ sea level = 760 mm Hg displaced
Definition
- 79% N2
- 20.8% O2
- 0.033% CO2
Term
are gases present in water available in same proportion as in air?
Definition
- AIR 20.8/ 0.033 = 630:1
Term
Sources- O2
Definition
1. passive dissusion from air
2. turbulence over riffles (streams) or shorelines (lakes)
3. photosynthesis
Term
Sources- pH and CO2
acidity: measured on pH scale
Definition
- pH = -log[H+]
= 7 neutral
> alkaline (to 14)
< acidic (to 0)
Term
Sources pH and CO2
lakes
Definition
- normal range (6-8)
- if naturally acidic (5-6)
'poorly buffered', 'soft water'
- if naturally alkaline (8-10)
'well buffered', 'hard water'
- if anthropogenically acidified (<5)
'acid rain', 'acid mine drainage'
Term
Marl Lakes
during high photosynthetic activity
Definition
- precip. of CaCO3
- whitish layer nr. shoreline, in suspension or as encrustment
- but CO2 removed as CaCO3
Term
Oxygen Availability
Definition
relationship w/ temperature
Term
Oxygen- Depth Curves
four types
Definition
1. Clingograde
2. Orthograde
3. Heterograde
4. Anomalous
Term
Clinograde
Definition
productive lake = eutrophic
Term
Orthograde
Definition
unproductive lake = oligiotrophic
Term
O2 and CO2 seasonal changes
Definition
- 02 similar to temperature
- CO2 opposite of O2
- total inorganic carbon
less variable than CO2
- O2 and CO2--diel changes
Term
O2 and CO2 seasonal changes
O2 and CO2--diel changes
Definition
- inverse relationship
- lake productivity correlated w/ diel variability
- if productive
highly variable->supersaturated epilimnion
- if unproductive
limited variability->daily temp. fluctuations
Term
Gross Primary Productivity (GPP)
Definition
rate of conversion of CO2 to organic C per unit surface
g C m-2, year-1, or Kcal m-2 year -1
Term
autotrophs and heterotrophs respire
Definition
6CO2 + 12H2O + "energy" <---> C6H12O6 + 6H2O + 6O2
Term
Autotrophic Respiration (Ra)
Definition
energy, or carbon is used for plant metabolism
Term
Net Primary Production (NPP) = GPP-Ra
Definition
how much energy or carbon is used for heterotrophic metabolism
Term
Net Community Production (NCP)
Definition
- (GPP -Ra) - Rh
- NPP - Rh
Term
Controls on NPP
Definition
1. Light
2. Temperature
3. Plant nutrients (N,P)
4. Micronutrients (Si)
5. Precipitation (terrestrial)
6. Grazing
Term
Controls on NPP
Light
Definition
Light attenuation- decrease in the energy of light due to absorption and scattering in the water column
Term
Light attenuation
Definition
decrease in the energy of light due to absorption and scattering in the water column
Term
Controls on NPP
Plant nutrients (N,P)
Definition
- Autotrophs require C,N, and P in a fixed ration (106:16:1) by atoms -- Redfield Ratio
- Limiting-> element in shortest supply relative to demands for plant growth
- systems can be N-, P-, or both N- and P- limited
Term
Redfield Ratio
Definition
Autotrophs require C, N, and P in a fixed ratio (106:16:1) by atoms
Term
Controls on NPP
Plant nutrients (N,P)
LAKES
Definition
- typically P- limited
- N inputs w/ rainfall and N-fixation via Cyanobacteria
- "Natural" N:P ratios vary between 10:1 and 65:1
- typically not light limited
Term
Controls on NPP
Plant Nutrients (N,P)
LAKES THREE TYPES
Definition
1. Eutrophic
2. Mesotrophic
3. Oligotrophic
Term
LAKES THREE TYPES
Eutrophic
Definition
high nutrient levels, very productive
Term
LAKES THREE TYPES
Mesotrophic
Definition
moderative nutrient level and productivity
Term
LAKES THREE TYPES
Oligiotrophic
Definition
low nutrient levels and productivity
Term
Controls on NPP
STREAMS
Definition
- both N and P typically less limiting compared to lentic systems
- N supplied from hyporheic zone and detritus
- P supplies from sediment
- Typical N-limited system characterized by low precipitation and hyporheic upwelling (e.g. Desert Southwest) AND high P content in soils
- Eastern U.S. streams typically more P-limited
- Light typically more limiting compared to lakes
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