Shared Flashcard Set

Details

APush-2
bbbb
34
History
11th Grade
05/07/2013

Additional History Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
Albany Plan
Definition
Delegates of seven colonies met in New York to discuss plans for collective defense
Pennsylvanian delegate, Benjamin Franklin, proposed a plan for an intercolonial government; the plan was later rejected by the colonial legislatures as  demanding too great a surrender of power
While the other colonies showed no support for the idea, it was an important precedent for the concept of uniting in the face of a common enemy
Term
Stamp Act
Definition
An internal tax, the sole purpose of which was to raise revenue
Require Americans to use “stamped” paper for legal documents, newspapers, and playing cards, among other goods
Revenue from this tax was to be used solely for the support of the British soldiers protecting the colonies
Term
James Fenimore Cooper
Definition
American novelist born in Burlington, New Jersey
His writing was influenced by the American frontier and America’s landscapes
His works include The Last of the Mohicans (1826), The Water-Witch (1830), and The American Democrat (1838)
Term
John James Audubon
Definition
Romantic-era artist
Member of the Hudson River School, a group of landscape painters
Demonstrated the emotion of nature, especially birds and animals
In 1886, a nature organization took his name
Term
“Corrupt Bargain” of 1824
Definition
Four presidential candidates-Henry Clay, John Quincy Adams, Andrew Jackson, and William Crawford
Jackson won the popular vote but did not win the majority of the electoral vote; as a result, the election went to the House of Representatives
Henry Clay, in the House of Representatives vote, threw his support to John Quincy Adams
In exchange for Adams winning the presidency over Jackson, Adams gave Clay the post of Secretary of State
Accusations of a “corrupt bargain” were made by Jackson, but are considered to be largely untrue
Term
John Quincy Adams
Definition
Sixth President
Supporters called themselves National Republicans; Jackson supporters called themselves Democratic-Republicans
Led an active federal government in areas like internal improvements and Native American affairs
Policies proved unpopular amidst increasing sectional interest and conflicts over states’ rights
After his presidency, he served in the House of Representatives, where he was forced debates against slavery and against the removal of certain Native American tribes, a Jacksonian policy                            
Term
“Tariff of Abominations”
Definition
Tariff bill with higher import duties for many goods brought by Southern planters
John C. Calhoun, John Q. Adams’ Vice President, anonymously protested his own leadership’s bill, suggesting that a federal law leaharmful to an individual state could be declared void within that state
This suggestion of nullification would be utilized by other states and would escalate hostilities, ding to the Civil War 
Term
John Calhoun
Definition
Vice Pres. To both John Q. Adams and to his political rival, Andrew Jackson, who defeated Adams in 1828
Champion of states’ rights
Author of the essay, “The South Carolina Exposition and Protest,” advocating nullification of Tariff of 1828 and asserting the right of the states to nullify federal laws
Later, as a senator, he engaged Senator Daniel Webster in a debate over slavery and states’ rights, digging deeply into the ideas that would drive the country to Civil War
Term
Andrew Jackson
Definition
Seventh President
20 Dollar Bill…
Term
Jacksonian Politics
Definition
Called for a strong executive who liberally used veto
Relied on the party system
Emphasized states’ rights
Term
Spoils System
Definition
Andrew Jackson’s method of exchanging government officials with new civil servants
“Rotation in office” was supposed to democratize government and lead to reform by allowing common folk to run the government
This system had been in place long before Jackson, but his name is tied to it because he endorsed its usage
Over the span of several presidential terms, the system led to corruption and inefficiency; it was ended with the passage of the Pendleton Act
Term
Alexis de Tocqueville
Definition
French civil servant who traveled to and wrote about the United states
Wrote Democracy in America, reflecting his interest in the American democratic process
Assessed the American attempt to have both liberty and equality
Provided an outsider’s objective view of the age of Jackson
Term
The Second Great Awakening and Protestant Revivalism
Definition
A wave of religious fervor spread through a series of camp meeting revivals
The “Burnt Over District” was an area in Upstate New York that was the center of the movement
Protestant Revivalism was a reaction to rationalism, emphasizing personal salvation, strong nationalism, and the improvement of society through social reform
Created diversity in American religious sects and some anti-Catholic sentiment
Term
Mormonism
Definition
Religion founded by Joseph Smith. Jr.
Smith claimed to have received sacred writings; he organized the church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints
Smith described a vision from God in which God declared specific tenets of Christianity to be abominations
Because of these claims and unusual practices such as polygamy, Mormons were shunned
Settlement became the state of Utah
Term
Webster-Hayne Debate
Definition
Debate in the senate between Daniel Webster (MA) and Robert Hayne (SC) that focused on sectionalism and nullification
Came after the “Tariff of Abominations” incident
At issue was the source of constitutional authority- was the Union derived from an agreement between states or from the people who had sought a guarantee of freedom?
Webster stated, “Liberty and Union, now and forever, one and insoparable
Term
Nat Turner
Definition
Slave who led insurrection in Southampton, Virginia, in 1831
Influential among local slaves as a preacher
Belived it was his destiny to lead slaves to freedom
Led approximately sixty in revolt, killing the family of his owner and running rampant through the nearby neighborhood, killing fify-five whites
The revolt was put down and Turner, some of his conspirators, and several free blacks were executed
Led to stricter slave laws in the south
Term
Tariff of 1832 and the order of Nullification
Definition
The tariff favored Northern interests at the expense of the Southern ones
Calhoun led a state convention calling for Order of Nullification, which declar4ed the tariff laws void; South Carolina would resist by force any attempt to collect the tariffs
Jackson, though a supporter of states rights, defended the union above all, and asked Congress to issue a new bill to give him authority to collect tariffs by force
Henry Clay presented this compromise tariff of 1833 and South Carolina withdrew the Order, but tensions between the federal government and state governments grew
Term
Texas, Leading to the Battle of the Alamo
Definition
Mexico refused to sell Texas to the United States, which had given up its claims to Texas in the Adams-onis treaty
Texas had been a state in the republic of me3xico since 1822, following a revolution against Spain
Term
Battle of the Alamo
Definition
During Texas’s revolution against Mexico, Ft. Alamo was attacked by the Mexican Army and 187 members of the Texas garrison were killed
Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna, a Mexican military and political leader, was victorious
“Remember the Alamo” was the garrison’s cry in its fight for independence
Term
Sam Houston
Definition
Leader of Texas independence
Defeated Santa Anna at the Battle of San Jacinto and Claimed independence

Houston requested both President Jackson and President Van Buren to recognize Texas as a state, which was denied out of fear that a  new slave state 

Term
Gag Rule
Definition
Forbade discussion of the slavery question in the house of Representatives
Stemmed from Southern members’ fear of slave emancipation
Led to increased discussion by Southern conventions of ways to escape Northern economic and political hegemony
Term
The Panic of 1837 and Specie Circular
Definition
Recession caused by President Jackson’s drastic movement of federal bank deposits to state and local banks
Led to relaxed credit policies
Jackson demanded a Specie Circular, stating that land must be paid for in hard money, not paper or credit
Term
The Charles River Bridge Case
Definition
Demonstrated that a contract could be broken to benefit the general welfare
Jackson’s chief justice, Roger Taney, suggested that a state could cancel grant money if the grant ceased to be in the interests of the community
Served as a reversal of Dartmouth College v. Woodward
Term
The Trail of Tears
Definition
Cherokees in Georgia claimed to be a sovereign political entity
Native Americans were supported by the Supreme Court; Andrew Jackson refused to enforce the court’s decision
Still, Cherokees were forced to give up lands to the east of the Mississippi and travel to an area in present-day Oklahoma
Term
Horace Mann
Definition
American educator who was the first secretary of the Massachusetts Board of Education
Suggested reforms in education
Made available high-quality, no-cost, nondenominational public schooling; the public school system has lasted to present day
Term
Whig Party
Definition
Cultivated commercial and industrial development
Encouraged banks and corporations
Cautious approach to westward expansion
Included Calhoun, Clay, and Webster
Term
Ralph Waldo Emerson
Definition
Transcendental essayist and lecturer
Self-Reliance (1841), one of his essays, promoted independence
Through the themes in his writing and through the independent life he lived, Emerson strongly influenced American thought and culture
Term
Abolitionism
Definition
Began with the idea of purchasing and transporting slaves to free African states, which had little success
Anti-slavery societies founded; some faced violent opposition
Movement split in two- radical followers and those who petitioned Congress
Term
William Lloyd Garrison
Definition
His newspaper, The Liberator, espoused his views that slaves should be immediately emancipated
Many other anti-slavery advocates of the 1830s and 1840s recommended a gradualist approach
Garrison also advocated an unpopular position in favor of equal rights for women
Term
Frederick Douglass
Definition
An escaped slave and outspoken abolitionist
Favored the use of political methods of reform
Known as the father of the American civil rights movement
Supporting users have an ad free experience!