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APUSH Unit #2
Shoemaker
116
History
11th Grade
10/22/2012

Additional History Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
In 1598 the __________ was issued by the French crown, allowing limited toleration of French Protestants
Definition
Edict of Nantes
Term
A grand empire was established in Quebec, with a granite sentinel commanding the _____________ river. The leading figure of Quebec was ________, who earned the title "Father of New France"
Definition
St. Lawrence River,
Samuel Champlain
Term
Champlain had friendly relations with the ______ Indian tribes, and joined them in battle against their foes, the federated __________ tribes of the upper New York Area
Definition
Huron,
Iroquois
Term
The government of New France (Canada) fell under the direct control of the king after various _____________ had failed or faltered
Definition
commercial companies
Term
The French government allies with the Caribbean island colonies because they were rich in _____ and _____
Definition
sugar and rum
Term
The ______ was a valuable resource New France had, which appealed to European fashion-settlers
Definition
Beaver
Term
To thwart English settlers pushing into the Ohio Valley, _________ founded Detroit in 1701.
Definition
Antoine Cadillac
Term
To check Spanish penetration, __________ floated down to Mississippi in ________ to the point where the interior basin mingled with the Gulf. He named this area Louisiana after his sovereign, _______
Definition
Robert de la Salle,
1682,
Louis XVI
Term
In Illinois, the French established forts/posts at _____,_______, and _______ became the garden of France's North American empire because of the amount of ______ in the area
Definition
Kaskaskia, Cahokia, and Vincennes,
grain
Term
In __________ war and ________ war, it mostly pitted British colonists against the French, recruiting whatever Indian allies they could. Peace terms were signed at _______ in 1713, and it showed just how defeated the French and Spanish were.
Definition
King William's war and Queen Anne's war,
Utrecht
Term
From the peace terms signed at Utrecht, Britain earned the French-populated _________, ___________, __________, and limited trading rights in ______________
Definition
Arcadia, Newfoundland, the Hudson Bay, and... in Spanish America
Term
The War of Jenkins Ear broke out in _____ between the British and Spaniards after Jenkins felt flared up after encountering Spanish revenue authorities. This war eventually morphed into ______________ in America, with the French and Spanish versus the Americans
Definition
1739,
King George's War
Term
In King George's War, the English gained the French fortress Louisberg, but when the peace treaty of ____ gave Louisberg back, the New Englanders were outraged
Definition
1748
Term
The ________ was the critical area where British colonies would inevitably penetrate, and the French wanted to retain it to link their Canadian holdings with the _________ valley
Definition
The Ohio Country,
Mississippi Valley
Term
In 1754, the governor of Virginia ushered ________ to secure Virginian's claims, and he was sent to be the ______ in charge of about _____ Virginia militiamen
Definition
George Washington,
colonel,
150
Term
George Washington was defeated by the _______ and forced surrender his whole command
Definition
French
Term
The French and Indian wars rocked along for two years before morphing into the _____________
Definition
Seven Year's War
Term
The principal adversaries in the Seven Years War were the ______ & ______ VS. _________,_________,_________, & ________
Definition
Britain and Prussia,
France, Spain, Russia, and Austria
Term
Britain's great statesmen = ?
Definition
William Pitt
Term
_________ published a famous cartoon of a disfigured snake saying "Join or Die" in his __________________
Definition
Benjamin Franklin,
Pennsylvania Gazette
Term
In ______, Pitt was a leader of the London government. He made a pivotal choice to soft pedal assaults on the _____________, and to concentrate his efforts on the _______________.
Definition
French West Indies,
Canada/ French-Montreol area
Term
The ____________ war shattered the appearance of British invincibility. British officers were having difficulty with colonial "____", and the officers were creating friction by deciding not to recognize any American militiaman above the rank of captain. (This was particularly embarressing to ___________)
Definition
French and Indian war,
boors,
George Washington
Term
___________ referred to the colonial men fighting with him in a negative light
Definition
General Wolfe
Term
American shippers, using _________, developed a golden traffic route with the enemy ports of the Spanish and French West Indies. This treasonable action is important because it kept some of the hostile _______ from starving when the British navy was trying to subdue them
Definition
fraudulent papers,
islands
Term
To get more American men to fight (men who wanted the freedom, but didn't want to physically fight for it), William Pitt had to bribe them by reimbursing the colonies for most of their ________ (about __________ euro)
Definition
expenditures,
900,000
Term
The __________ that ended the Seven Years War was bad news for inland Indians such as the Iroquis and Creeks, preventing them to _____________.
Definition
Treaty of Paris,
ability to play rival european powers against one another
Term
Pontiac was a ________, who led several _______ to drive the British out of the _________. They besieged _______, and eventually overtook all but three British ______ that were west of the Apallachian Mountains
Definition
Ottawa chief,
tribes,
Ohio Country,
Detroit,
ports
Term
To retaliate against Pontiac and his indian troops, Britain used an early example of ____________. They ordered to have blankets infected with ______ to be sent to the Indians.
Definition
chemical warfare,
smallpox
Term
The ____________ flatly prohibited settlement in the area beyond the Appalachian mountains.
Definition
Proclamation of 1763
Term
By the 18th century, the ideas of __________ and beliefs about the British passed along by ___________ helped to shape American's political opinions pre-revolution
Definition
Republicanism,
Radical Whigs
Term
_______ was the only colony formally found by the British, the rest were founded by trading companies, religious groups, or land speculators
Definition
Georgia
Term
British authorities embraced __________, which kept their grip over the colonies. This economic system held the belief that the wealth of a country can be determined by the amount of ____ in it's treasury
Definition
Mercantilism,
gold
Term
Having power of the colonies was important to the British, because the colonies could supply them with cheap _________, and provide a guaranteed _______ for exports
Definition
raw materials,
market
Term
The ____________ of _____ was the first law passed to try and regulate the trade system. It was originally aimed at the rival _____, so it wasn't until it started applying to the Americans that it created a lot of problems
Definition
Navigation Laws of 1650,
Dutch
Term
The British crown reserved the right to nullify any _______ passed by colonial assemblies
Definition
legislation
Term
Some of the first American fortunes were earned by _________
Definition
smuggling
Term
Americans directly benefitted from mercantilism. London paid a lot for colonial producers of ________ despite protest from british producers, _________ enjoyed a monopoly in the British market, and colonist received free _______ with Britains' army and navy
Definition
ship parts,
Virginia tobacco,
protection
Term
The mercantile system also hurt the colonists. It stifled _____________ and imposed a rankling dependency on British _____ and _________. Many Americans felt ____________ with this economic system.
Definition
economic initiative,
agents and creditors,
taken advantage of
Term
Half of Britain's debt (_________) was earned by protecting the colonies. Prime Minister ____________ resented the colonies, and started imposing the Navigation laws and the Sugar Act of 1764. The Sugar Act is important because it was the first law that raised _______
Definition
140 million,
Prime Minister George Greeneville,
tax revenue
Term
The Sugar Act's duties were lowered after fuss from the colonists, but the __________ act kept colonists unhappy because it made certain colonies provide food and shelter for British troops
Definition
Quartering Act
Term
In 1765, Greeneville (Along with the Quartering Act) imposed the ________ Act, which prevented use of papers and stamps without certification of payment of the tax itself.
Definition
Stamp Act
Term
Both the Sugar Act and the Stamp Act left ______ unfair. _________ was a problem for the defendant to come up with.
Definition
juries,
evidence
Term
Due to the many British troops in the colonies, many colonists believed in a conspiracy as to why they were there. They believed the troops were there to strip them of their _________
Definition
historic liberties
Term
The Stamp Act inspired the famous quote " ____________" that the colonists shouted in outrage. (It was bias, because the colonists didn't disagree when __________ tried to tax them, however they disregarded the British taxing them)
Definition
No taxation without representation,
American Parliament
Term
In 1765, the ______________ was formed in New York. They were conspired of ___ delegates from nine different colonies. After their debate, they wrote a formal grievance to the King. They weren't very ________ in England, and did little in America, however the biggest success of theirs was ______
Definition
The Stamp Act Congress,
27,
successful,
unity
Term
Nonimportation of British goods was successful in providing _______ as well. _______ garments became fashionable, and eating of ________ was discouraged so sheep could mature.
Definition
unity,
woolen,
lamp-chops
Term
The ______________ and the ________________ were two organizations that promoted nonimportation to violaters. They ransacked houses of officials, and hanged _____ of stamp agents on liberty poles
Definition
Sons of Liberty and the Sons of Liberty,
effigies
Term
On the day in 1765 when the Stamp Act was to take action, all of the stamp agents were driven out and forced to ____, leaving the Act to be _________
Definition
resign,
nullified
Term
After the Stamp Act became nullified, America bought ______ of British imports, and _______ of all British exports. Due to the effects of this on the British in terms of the outcry of the colonies, in 1766, parliament begrudgingly repealed the ____________.
Definition
1/4,
1/2,
The Stamp Act
Term
After the repeal of the Stamp Act, _______________ gained control of the British ministry. In 1767, he persuaded parliament to pass the _______ Act, which imposed a light import duty on glass, white lead, paper, paint, and tea. The tax on ___ was the most furiating to the colonists, because an estimated ____ drank tea twice a day.
Definition
Townshend Act,
tea,
1 million
Term
The London government in 1767 suspended the legislature of ________ for not complying with the __________ Act. This prodded larger outrest in the colonists
Definition
New York,
the Quartering Act
Term
On ___________, the Boston Massacre occurred. The colonists started the conflict, by throwing snowballs at a group of __________. The first, and most important to die, was _________, a "_________", and a leader of the mob. Only ______ of the redcoats were found guilty of manslaughter after the massacre
Definition
March 5, 1770,
10 redcoats,
Crispus Attucks,
mulatto,
only 2
Term
The government of ______ finally persuaded parliament to repeal the Townshend Acts. However, the tax on tea remained to keep the hold on the U.S.
Definition
Lord North
Term
__________ was important for his help in forming _______ in MA. He formed the first one in _________, and ____ other towns in the colony set them up. The chief function of them was to spread the spirit of resistence.
Definition
Samuel Adams,
committees of correspondance,
Boston,
80
Term
By _____, every colony set up a committee of correspondance
Definition
1773
Term
The ____________ was going out of business in 1773, and to prevent the London government from losing tax revenue, they allowed them a ______ of the American tea business. It resulted in the lowering of price for tea for colonists, however, they saw this as a petty attempt of the British to trick the Americans.
Definition
British East India Company,
monopoly
Term
Massachuseetts govenor ___________ was a loyalist for the most part. Protestors of the Stamp Act destroyed his home, however he agreed that the tea tax was unjust
Definition
Thomas Hutchinson
Term
On ____________, roughly 100 Bostonians dressed up as indians and smashed open over 300 chests of tea into the Atlantic. Response to the Boston Tea Party was _______.
Definition
December 16, 1773
varied
Term
Parliament in response to the Boston Tea Party passed the Boston Port Act and other "__________". The Boston Port Act was the worst because it closed the _________ until the damages were repaired
Definition
Intolerable Acts,
harbor
Term
The ______ Act was considered to be apart of the British response to the Boston Tea Party, however it wasn't. This allowed the French in Canada to freely be _______, and the border was extended southward all the way to the ______ river.
Definition
Quebec Act,
catholic,
ohio river
Term
In 1774, the ________ was a memorable responce to the Intolerable Acts. They were to meet in _________ and consider ways of redressing colonial grievances. All colonies but _____ showed up. They deliberated from __________ to ___________. Their biggest success was the creation of ____________, which alled for a complete boycott of British goods
Definition
The First Continental Congress,
Philadelphia,
Georgia,
September 5th to October 26,
The Association
Term
The delegates of the First Colonial Congress were not calling upon __________, merely to have their grievances taken care of so they no longer were an issue, as well as the taxes no longer being relevant
Definition
independance
Term
Parliament rejected the congress's petition. Following that, in April 1775 the "___________" occured when british troops were sent to seize stores of colonial ________ and bag "rebel" ringleaders _____________ and ____________
Definition
Lexington Massacre,
gunpowder,
Samuel Adams an John Hancock
Term
George III, along with his huge army, hired _________ or Germans to fight against the colonists as well
Definition
Hessians
Term
Some disadvantages for Imperial (British) forces in America were...
(Three things)
Definition
They had poor generals leading the fight in America, They were far away from "home base" so supplies would take a while to arrive and there was uncertainty if they even would show up, and military orders from britain would take ages to reach the troops
Term
_______________ was a French noblemen who fought for the colonist and was made a major general at nineteen
Definition
Marquis de Lafayette
Term
The first organized constitution for the colonies was _________ written in _____
Definition
The Articles of Confederation in 1781
Term
Due to the economic troubles of the colonies, Continental Congress decided to print ___________ in large amounts. They were practically worthless dollars
Definition
"Continental" paper money
Term
The German ____________ helped to train colonist troops to make them better fighters
Definition
Baron von Stueben
Term
After the "Lexington Massacre" (AKA Lexington and Concord) the __________ met in Philadelphia to discuss what to do next. This time, all the colonies were represented
Definition
The Second Continental Congress
Term
_______ selected George Washington to be the leader of the army that was to charge Boston more because of his fierce ___________ than his _________.
Definition
Congress,
leadership, morality, and bravery
than his success on the battlefield
Term
The choice of George Washington as commander was also political, because Americans began to distrust the __________. Washington was well liked, coming from ________ (the largest colony)
Definition
New England Army,
Virginia
Term
___________ and ___________ captured the British garrisons at Ticonderoga and Crown Point which held gunpowder and artillery
Definition
Benedict Arnold and Ethan Allen
Term
In June 1775 the colonists seized _________. Afterwards, the British soon made a surprise attack to take back control of it. The colonists had to flee after running out of _______.
Definition
Bunker Hill,
gunpowder
Term
In 1775, the ___________ adopted the ______________, professing loyalty to the crown and begging the king to end future hostilities. It's importance was that it showed that the colonies were still ____________
Definition
Continental Congress,
the Olive Branch Petition,
still scared of Britain's force and power
Term
After the Olive Branch Petition, the King in August 1775 formally proclaimed the colonies in rebellion; He soon after hired many more _______ to help get the colonists under control. Americans were taken aback by these actions, because they still viewed it unesseccary. Interestingly, many of the troops that came ended up abandoning it all and staying in America to be _________
Definition
Germans,
citizens
Term
The colonists, led by Irish-born _____________ made an effort to conquer Quebec in 1775. They were helped by the troops of ____________ as well, however they di not succeed.
Definition
Richard Montgomery,
Benedict Arnold
Term
In January 1776, the British set fire to the Virginia town of___________ and eventually it got so bad that Boston residents had to evacuate. This is still a national holiday in Boston (AKA Evacuation Day)
Definition
Norfolk
Term
In 1776, Thomas Paine (A _________ from Britain) published the pamphlet ____________ which promoted unity of the colonies and for the U.S. to seperate themselves from Britain.
Definition
radical,
Common Sense
Term
Common Sense not only called for independance, but a new kind of government; a ____________, where power flowed from the people themselves
Definition
republic
Term
Most Americans considered citizen "_________" important in a republic. The collective good of the people mattered more than ______________.
Definition
virtue,
self interest
Term
Not everyone believed in republicanism, but rather a ____________, in order to keep a social hierarchy in society
Definition
natural aristocracy
Term
On _______, _______________ declared that the united colonies were officially independant states. It was this that sparked the common knowledge of our __________ and cut off ties with _______
Definition
June 7, 1776
Richard Henry Lee,
independance,
Britain
Term
After Lee's statement, Congress appointed a committee to make a formal statement of seperation from Britain. The task of drafting it fell to ___________, and after deliberation the ___________________ was officially approved on July 4th, 1776. It is referred to as "_________________"
Definition
Thomas Jefferson,
Declaration of Independance
The shout heard round the world
Term
The war of independance was a war within a war. There were two sides; The Loyalists, known as ___________, after the dominate ______ factions in Britain. Patriots were known as ____________ after the opposition factors in Britain
Definition
Tories,
political,
Whigs
Term
The group of colonists on the fence were the __________________
Definition
Byrds of Virginia
Term
Loyalists made up ___% of the populus. It was many people of education and wealth that remained loyal.
Definition
16
Term
____________ said the famous quote," Give me liberty or give me death!" before the Virginia Assembly
Definition
Patrick Henry
Term
After the Declaration of Independance, Loyalists were prejudiced against heavily. Many were subjected to _______, and some were ________ or ________. They were generally regarded as traitors
Definition
brutality,
hanged or imprisoned
Term
When Boston was evacuated in 1776, the British took hold of __________ as a base. They ha a major fleet of five hundred ships and roughly __________ men
Definition
New York,
30,000 men
Term
Britains attempt in 1777 to take over the Hudson River was led by three men, coming in from different sides; ______________ was going to come down from Canada, ______________ in New York could advance up the Hudson River, and _____________ could lead troops from the west by using Lake Ontario
Definition
General John Burgoyne,
General Howe,
Colonel Barry St. Ledger
Term
Thanks to _______________, the British troops were unsuccessful in taking the Hudson River and regaining control of Fort ______________
Definition
Benedict Arnold,
Ticonderoga
Term
Burgoyne was forced to surrender his entire command at ___________ on October 17, 1777 to the American General _____________.
Definition
Saratoga,
Haratio Gates
Term
The Battle of ________ was important because it helped the colonial cause and more importantly, it made foreign aid from _________ possible.
Definition
Saratoga,
France
Term
France was willing to help the colonies mainly to get back at Britain, because... (One thing)
Definition
They lost their prestige from the Seven Years War
Term
The Continental Congres in the summer of ____ created a "___________" with France describing three main principles; 1) No ___________ connection...2) No __________ connection.... 3) Only __________ connection. A chief author of this was __________.
Definition
1776,
Model Treaty,
political,
military,
commercial,
John Adams
Term
In Europe, more neutral countries tired of Britain's dominance began to demand more for their rights. In 1780, ______________ of Russia took the lead in organizing the _______________. It lined up all neutral European countries in passive hostility towards ________.
Definition
Catherine the Great,
Armed Neutrality,
Britain
Term
The U.S. kept the war going until 1778 with secret aid from the _______. They provided guns, money, and equipment. They made up most of the _____ force, and about one-half of America's normal armed forces
Definition
French,
naval
Term
The colony of Georgia was overrun by the British in _____, and Charlestown and South Carolina fell too in _____
Definition
1778-1779,
1780
Term
General _________ was the man who succeeded in leading troops to drive out forces from Georgia and South Carolina.
Definition
Nathaniel Greene
Term
Indians were only allies with King George III to protect their ______. Britain paid the indians for the _______ of killed Americans
Definition
Land,
scalps
Term
Only two nations from the Iroqouis confederacy sided with the americans, and they were the __________ and the ___________
Definition
Oneidas and the Tuscaroos
Term
In 1784, the pro-british Indians were forced to signed the _____________, which was the first treaty between the U.S. and Indians. In it, (and unknowingly) the indians ceded most of the rights to their land
Definition
Treaty of Fort Stanwix
Term
The years of ________ were the darkest of the war.
Definition
1780-1781
Term
The U.S. government was almost bankrupt, and they declared they would be repaying their debts at a rate of only ___ cents on the dollar
Definition
2.5
Term
The British general _________ fell into a trap at ____________ at Yorktown to await supplies. At that time was a brief window when the British didn't control the seas. This is when the French striked, led by __________.
Definition
Cornwallis,
Chesapeake Bay,
Admiral de Grasse
Term
Quick to join the fight, general George Washington made a swift march to Chesapeake Bay, accompanied by ______________'s french army
Definition
Rochambeau's army
Term
Completely cornered, it was at Yorktown where Cornwallis surrendered his troops on ______________.
Definition
October 19, 1781
Term
George III was still persistant after the surrender at Yorktown, and kept the battle going. The battle kept going for another _____ after Yorktown
Definition
year
Term
After Yorktown, many British troops were _________. They suffered heavy reverses in the _______, lost the island of __________ in the Mediterrainian, they were soon to lose the Rock of Gibraltar, and Lord North's ministry collapsed in ______.
Definition
the West Indies,
Minorca,
1782
Term
A ___________, favorable of the Americas, took place of the Tory regime of Lord North's once it fell
Definition
Whig ministry
Term
Three American peace negotiators gathered at Paris; __________,______________, and ______________.
Definition
Benjamin Franklin, John Adams, and John Jay
Term
France was eager to smash Britain's empire, yet not allow the U.S. to be independant in action. It schemed to keep the new republic east of the __________. However, it was _________'s alertness that prevented this from occurring.
Definition
Alleghany Mountains,
John Jay's
Term
John Jay saw signs that the Paris Foreign Office was going to betray the trans-Appalachian interests to satisfy those of _____. So, he made secret overtures to _______, thus preventing it. England quickly helped in order to get back at the French. In 1782, a peace was signed. A formal peace was signed the next year.
Definition
Spain,
London
Term
By the __________ of _____, the British formally recognized the independance of America
Definition
Treaty of Paris of 1783
Term
After the Treaty of Paris, _________ were no longer persecuted, and congress recommended that confiscated ____________ be restored
Definition
Loyalist,
Loyalist property
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