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Appraisal
Study tool for the NCE
63
Psychology
Graduate
03/19/2011

Additional Psychology Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
Define appraisal.
Definition
The process of assessing or estimating attributes
Term
Define measure.
Definition
Connotes that a number or score has been assigned to the person's attribute or performance
Term
Distinguish between a subjective paradigm and an objective paradigm.
Definition

Subjective: relies mainly on the scorer's opinion (person bias can significantly impact the rating)

Objective: the rater's judgment plays little or no part in the scoring process

Term
Describe a "free choice" test.
Definition

The person taking the test can respond in any manner he or she chooses

Often take more time to score and increase subjectivity (because there is more than one correct answer)

Term
Define difficulty index.
Definition

Indicates the percentage of individuals who answered each item correctly

The higher the number of people who answer a question correctly, the easier the item is 

Term
Define dichotomy in regards to testing.
Definition
The test-taker is presented with two opposing choices
Term
Define a multipoint item.
Definition
The test-taker is given three or more forced choices
Term
Define ipsative measures.
Definition

Compare traits within the same individual

Do not compare a person to other people who took the instrument

Allows the person being tested to compare items

Term
How is a good time test set up?
Definition
Set up purposely so that no one finishes it
Term
Define power test.
Definition
Designed to evaluate the level of mastery without a time limit
Term

True/False

A timed test is really a type of speed test, but a high percentage of the test takers complete it and it is usually more difficult and has a time limit

Definition
Tru
Term
A personality test or interest inventory measures:
Definition
Typical performance
Term
Define a spiral test.
Definition
The items on the test get progressively more difficult
Term
Define cyclical tests.
Definition
There are several sections on the test which are spiral in nature
Term
Describe test battery.
Definition
Several measures are used to produce results that could be more accurate than those derived from merely using a single source
Term
Distinguish between vertical and horizontal tests.
Definition

Vertical: has versions for various age brackets or levels of education

Horizontal: measures various factors during the same testing procedure

Term
Describe the concept of parallel tests.
Definition

Occurs when a test has two versions or forms that are interchangeable

 

Each form must have the same mean, standard error, and other statistical components

Term
What are the two most critical factors in test selection?
Definition

Validity

Reliability

Term
Which is more important, reliability or validity?
Definition
Validity
Term
Define validity.
Definition
A test measures what it says it will measure
Term
Name & describe the 5 basic types of validity.
Definition

1) Content validity: does the test examine or sample the behavior under scrutiny?

2) Construct validity: a test's ability to measure a theoretical construct like intelligence

3) Concurrent validity: deals with how well the test compares to other instruments intended for the same purpose

4) Predictive validity: reflects the test's ability to predict future behavior based on established criteria

5) Consequential validity: tries to ascertain the social implications of using tests

Term
What is the relationship between validity and reliability?
Definition

A test can be reliable but not valid.

 

A test CANNOT be valid but not reliable.

Term
Define construct in terms of traits.
Definition
Any trait you cannot "directly" measure or observe
Term
Define face validity.
Definition
The extent to which a test looks or appears to measure the intended attribute.
Term
Describe incremental validity.
Definition

Used to describe the process by which a test is refined and becomes more valid as contradictory items are dropped

Refers to a test's ability to improve predictions when compared to existing measures that purport to facilitate selection in business or educational settings

Term
Describe synthetic validity.
Definition

Popularized by industrial organizational psychologists

The helper or researcher looks for tests that have been shown to predict each job element or component

Term
Describe convergent validity.
Definition
A method used to assess a test's construct/criterion validity by correlating test score with an outside source
Term
Describe discriminant validity.
Definition
If a test possesses discriminant validity, it means that the test will not reflect unrelated variables
Term
Name one method of assessing test-retest reliability.
Definition
Giving the same test to the same group of people two times and then correlating the scores
Term
Explain what it means for a test to have a reliability coefficient of .90
Definition
90% of the score measured the attribute in question while 10% of the score is indicative or error
Term
What is a typical reliability coefficient for personality tests?
Definition
.70
Term
What should the reliability coefficient be for admissions for jobs, schools, etc.?
Definition
.80
Term
How do you find the true variance of two tests (the percentage of shared variance or the level of the same thing measured in both)?
Definition

Square the correlation (reliability coefficient)

 

This principle is also called the coefficient of determination.

Term
Define and give an example of a unitary factor
Definition

Single factor

 

According to Galton- intelligence

Term
What did Charles Spearman believe in terms of influencing factors?
Definition

Two Factors:

General ability- G

Specific ability- S

He believed these were applicable to any mental task

Term
Distinguish between fluid intelligence and crystallized intelligence.
Definition

Fluid: flexible, culture-free, and adjusts to the situation

Crystallized: rigid; does not change or adapt

Term
Distinguish between convergent and divergent thinking.
Definition

Convergent: occurs when divergent thoughts and ideas are combined into a singular concept

 

Divergent: the ability to generate a novel idea

Term
Describe cross-validation.
Definition
Takes place when a researcher further examines the criterion validity of a test by administering the test to a new sample
Term
Define shrinkage.
Definition
Occurs when the cross-validation coefficient is smaller than the initial validity coefficient
Term
How is IQ expressed? (formula)
Definition
MA/CA x 100
Term
Define deviation IQ.
Definition
Compares the individual to a norm (i.e. the person is compared to others in his or her age group)
Term
What are the results of the Binet actually measured in today?
Definition
Standard-age score (SAS) with a mean of 100 and a standard deviation of 15
Term

Who created the first IQ test?

Why was it created?

Definition

Simon & Binet

 

To discriminate normal from retarded Parisian children

Term
Describe entropy.
Definition
A popular family therapy/systems theory term that means that dysfunctional families are either too open or too closed (letting too much information in or not enough information in).  A healthy family is said to be in a balanced state of negative entropy.
Term
Describe Jung's MBTI.
Definition
Uses dichotomous types: extraversion/introversion, sensing/intuition, thinking/feeling, and judging/perceiving
Term
Define a theory-based test.
Definition
A test is guided via a theory
Term
What is John Ertl known for?
Definition

Invented an electronic machine to analyze neutral efficiency and take the place of paper and pencil IQ test.

The theory is that the faster one processes the perception, the more intelligence one has.

Term
What is Raymond Cattell known for?
Definition
Responsible for the concepts of fluid and crystallized intelligence
Term
What is Arthur Jensen known for?
Definition
Suggested that the closer people are genetically, the more alike their IQ scores.  Adopted children will have IQs closer to their biological parents than their adopted parents
Term
What type of test is the MMPI-2?
Definition
A "self-report" personality inventory
Term
Define the term pyschometric.
Definition
Any form of mental testing
Term
Describe Association, Completion, & Construction in regards of projective tests.
Definition

Association: "What comes to mind when you look at this ink-blot?"

Completion: "Complete these sentences with real feelings."

Construction: like drawing a person

Term
What is the 16 PF?
Definition

The 16 Personality Factor Questionnaire:

Used for people over the age of 16

Measures key personality factors like assertiveness, emotional maturity, and shrewdness

Term

An aptitude test measures:

An achievement test measures:

Definition

Potential

What has been learned

Term
Describe the Bender test.
Definition
The Bender Visual Motor Gestalt Test is an expressive projective measure known for its ability to discern whether brain damage is evident in people over the age of 4.  The client is instructed to copy 9 geometric figures.
Term
What is a major criticism of interest inventories?
Definition
They emphasize professional positions and minimize blue-collar jobs
Term
What do school selection tests measure?
Definition
Aptitude
Term
A new IQ test has a standard error of measurement of 3.  Tom scores 106 on the test.  If he takes the test a lot, we can predict that about 68% of the time he will score between:
Definition
103 and 109
Term
What is the effect on reliability of increasing a test's length?
Definition
It raises the reliability
Term
What is interrater reliability?
Definition
Nearly the same results are found when various researchers give the test to the same people
Term
Name several types of informal assessments.
Definition

Keeping a journal of irrational thoughts

Self-reports

Case notes

Checklists

Sociograms of groups

Interviews

Professional staffings

Term
What would be the ideal item difficulty if you want to admit only 25% of individuals into a program?
Definition
.25
Term
What is the range of item difficulty?
Definition

0.0 --> Really Hard

1.0 --> Really Easy

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