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Apologia Biology Module 6
Vocabulary from module 6: The Cell
45
Biology
10th Grade
05/31/2012

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Term
Absorption
Definition
The transport of dissolved substances into cells
Term
Digestion
Definition
The breakdown of absorbed substances
Term
Respiration
Definition
The breakdown of food molecules with a release of energy
Term
Excretion
Definition
The removal of soluble waste materials
Term
Egestion
Definition
The removal of nonsoluble waste materials
Term
Secretion
Definition

The release of biosynthesized substances

 

(biosynthesis found in module 5)

Term
Homeostasis
Definition

Maintaining the status quo.  

 

Everything running smoothly

Term
Reproduction
Definition
Producing more cells
Term
Cytology
Definition
the study of cells
Term
Cell Wall
Definition
A rigid structure on the outside of certain cells, usually plant and bacteria cells
Term
Middle Lamella
Definition

The film between the cell walls of adjacent plant cells.

 

(adjacent = lying near or joined)

Term
Plasma Membrane
Definition

The semipermeable membrane between the cell contents and either the cell wall or the cell's surroundings. (if it doesn't have a cell wall)

 

 

Term
Cytoplasm
Definition
A jelly like fluid inside the cell in which organelles are suspended
Term
Ions
Definition
Substances in which at least one atom has an imbalance of protons and electrons
Term
Cytoplasmic Streaming
Definition
the motion of cytoplasm in a cell that results in a coordinated movement o the cell's contents.
Term
Mitochondria
Definition
The organelles in which nutrients are converted to energy.
Term
Lysosome
Definition
The organelle in animal cells responsible for hydrolysis reactions that break down proteins, polysaccharides, disaccharides and some lipids.
Term
Ribosomes
Definition
Non-membrane-bounded organelles responsible for protein synthesis
Term
Endoplasmic Reticulum
Definition
An organelle composed of extensive network of folded membranes that perform several tasks within a cell.
Term
Rough ER
Definition
ER (endoplasmic reticulum) that is dotted with ribosomes.
Term
Smooth ER
Definition
ER that has no ribosomes
Term
Golgi bodies
Definition

The organelles where proteins and lipids are stored and then modified to suit the needs of the cell.

 

(looks like a stack of pancakes)

Term
Leucoplasts
Definition
Organelles that store starches or oils.
Term
Chromoplasts
Definition
Organelles that contain pigments used in photosynthesis.
Term
Central Vacuole
Definition
A large vacuole that rests at the center of most plant cells and is filled with a solution that contains a high concentration of solutes.
Term
Waste Vacuoles
Definition
Vacuoles that contain the waste products of digestion.
Term
Phagocytosis
Definition
The process by which a cell engulfs foreign substances or other cells.
Term
Phagocytic Vacuole
Definition
A vacuole that holds the matter which a cell engulfs.
Term
Pinocytic Vesicle
Definition
Vesicle formed at the plasma membrane to allow the absorption of large molecules.
Term
Secretion Vesicle
Definition
Vesicle that holds secretion products so that they can be transported to the plasma membrane and released.
Term
Microtubules
Definition
Spiral strands of portein molecules that form a tubelike structure.
Term
Nuclear Membrane
Definition
A highly porous membrane that separates the nucleus from the cytoplasm.
Term
Chromatin
Definition
Clusters of DNA, RNA, and proteins in the nucleus of a cell.
Term
Cytoskeleton
Definition
A network of fibers that holds the cell together, helps the cell to keep its shape and aids in movement.
Term
Microfilaments
Definition
Fine, threadlike proteins found in the cell's cytoskeleton.
Term
Intermediate Filaments
Definition
Threadlike proteins in the cell's cytoskeleton that are roughly twice as thick as microfilaments.
Term
Phospholipid
Definition
A lipid in which one of the fatty acid molecules has been replaced by a molecule that contains a phosphate group.
Term
Passive Transport
Definition
Movement of molecules through the plasma membrane according to the dictates of osmosis or difussion.
Term
Active Transport
Definition
Movement of molecules through the plasma membrane (typically opposite the dictates of osmosis or diffusion) aided by a process that required energy.
Term
Isotonic Solution
Definition
A solution in which the concentration of solutes is essentially equal to that of the cell which resides in the solution.
Term
Hypertonic Solution
Definition
A solution in which the concentration of solutes is greater that that of the cell that resides in the solution.
Term
Plasmolysis
Definition
Collapse of a walled cell's cytoplasm due to a lack of water.
Term
Cytolysis
Definition
The rupturing of a cell due to excess internal pressure.
Term
Hypotonic Solution
Definition
A solution in which the concentration of solutes is less than that of the cell that resides in the solution.
Term
Activation Energy
Definition
Energy necessary to get a chemical reaction going.
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