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AP World History Terms
Miscellaneous Terms
143
History
10th Grade
05/13/2012

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Term
abolitionists
Definition
People who supported ending slavery. British abolitionists wanted to end the transatlantic slave trade in 1808 and slavery in 1834. US abolitionists were a cause of the Civil War.
Term
absolutism
Definition
Theory popular in France and other early European monarchies that royal power should be free of constitutional chacks.
Term
acllas
Definition
Women selected by Inca authorities to serve in religious centers as weavers and religious participants.
Term
Aden
Definition
Port city in Yemen. A major center in the Indian Ocean since ancient times.
Term
African National Congress
Definition
Organization founded in 1912 dedicated to obtaining civil rights for blacks in South Africa.
Term
Alexandria
Definition
City in Egypt founded by Alexander. Became capital of Hellenistic kingdom of Ptolemies. Contained Library and Museum. Traded with Mediterranean and Indian Ocean.
Term
All-India Muslim League
Definition
Political organization in India in 1906 to defend the interests of Indian Muslim minorities. 1940, demanded a separate state, Pakistan.
Term
Asante
Definition
African kingdom on Gold Coast that expanded rapidly after 1680.
Term
Ashigaka Shogunate
Definition
Second of Japan's military governments headed by a shogun (military ruler).
Term
Asian Tigers
Definition
Name for Korea, Taiwan, Hong Kong and Singapore. Became economic powers in the 70s and 80s.
Term
Atahulpa
Definition
Last ruling Inca emperor of Peru. Executed by Spanish.
Term
Atlantic system
Definition
Network of trading links after 1500 that moved goods, wealth, people and cultures around the Atlantic Ocean basin.
Term
autocracy
Definition
Theory justifying strong, centralized rule. Leader did not rely on aristocracy or clergy.
Term
allyu
Definition
Andean lineage group or kin-based community.
Term
Babylon
Definition
Largest and most important city in Mesopotamia. Capital of King Hammurabi and Neo-Babylonian king Nebuchadnezzar.
Term
balance of power
Definition
Policy in international relations where by 18th century, the major European powers acted together to prevent one of them from being too powerful.
Term
Balfour Declaration
Definition
Statement by British Foreign Secretary Arthur Balfour in 1917 favoring establishment of Jewish national homeland in Palestine.
Term
Bannermen
Definition
Hereditary military servants of the Qing Empire, largely descendants of people that fought for the founders of the empire.
Term
Bantu
Definition
Collective name for the large group of Sub-Saharan African languages and of peoples speaking these languages.
Term
Batavia
Definition
Fort that was the HQ of Dutch East India Company operations in Indonesia, today Jakarta.
Term
Battle of Midway
Definition
US naval victory over Japanese fleet in 1942, which Japanese lost four of their best naval carriers. Turning point of WWII.
Term
Berlin Conference
Definition
Called bu German chancellor Otto von Bismarck to set rules for the partition of Africa. Led to the creation of the Congo Free State under King Leopold II of Belgium.
Term
Bhagavad-Gita
Definition
Most important Indian sacred literature. Dialogue between the great warrior Arjuna and Krishna on the duty and the fate of the spirit.
Term
Black Death
Definition
Outbreak of bubonic plague that spread across Asia, North Africa and Europe in the mid-14the century.
Term
Bolsheviks
Definition
Radical Marxist political party founded by Vladimir Lenin in 1903. Under Lenin's leadership, they seized power in 1917 during the Russian Revolution.
Term
caliphate
Definition
Office established in succession to Muhammad to rule the Islamic Empire. (Abbasid, Sokoto and Ummayad)
Term
capitalism
Definition
Economic system of large financial institutions - banks, stock exchanges, investment companies - first developed in early modern Europe.
Term
caravel
Definition
Small, maneuverable three-masted ship used by the Potuguese and Spanish exploring the Atlantic.
Term
Carthage
Definition
City in Tunisia founded by Phoenicians. Major commercial and naval power in western Mediterranean until defeated by Rome in 3rd century.
Term
Caste War
Definition
Rebellion of Mayans against Mexican governemnt 1847. Nearly returned Yucatan to Mayan rule.
Term
Catholic Reformation
Definition
Reform movement within the Larin Christian Church in response to the Protestant Reformation. Clarified Catholiv theology and reformed clergical training and discipline.
Term
Champa rice
Definition
Quick-growing rice that allowed two harvests in one season. Introduced into Champa from India and later sent to China as a tribute gift from Champa.
Term
Chang'an
Definition
Capital of Zhou kingdom and Qin and early Han. Features imitated in cities and towns in Han Empire.
Term
chartered companies
Definition
groups of private investors that paid annual fee to France and England in exchange for a monopoly over trade in West Indies colonies.
Term
clipper ship
Definition
Large, fast, streamlined sailing vessel often American made 19th century. Rigged with vast canvas sails.
Term
Cold War
Definition
Struggle between communism and capitalism for world influence. SU and US came to brink of was during Cuban missile crisis, but never attacked. Ended when SU dissolved in 1991.
Term
Congress of Vienna
Definition
Meeting of representatives of European monarchs called to reestablish order after defeat of Napoleon I.
Term
Constitutional Convention
Definition
1787 meeting to write the US Constitution.
Term
constitutionalism
Definition
Theory that began early modern England and spread everywhere that royal power should be subject to legal and legislative checks.
Term
contract of indenture
Definition
Agreement binding a person to work for a number of years in return for free passage to an overseas destination.
Term
Cossacks
Definition
Russians who lived outside farming villages, often as herders, mercenaries or outlaws. Led the conquest of Siberia in 16th and 17th centuries.
Term
creoles
Definition
Colonial Spanish America, someone of European descent born in the New World. Elsewhere in the Americas, non-native people.
Term
Council of the Indies
Definition
Institution resposible for supervising Spain's colonies in Americas from 1524 to early 18th century.
Term
Crimean War
Definition
Conflict between Russian and Ottmoan Empires fought in the Crimean Peninsula. To prevent Russian expansion, Britain and France sent troops to support the Ottomans.
Term
Crusades
Definition
Armed pilgrimages to the Holy Land by Christians determined to recover Jerusalem from Muslim rule. They brought an end to Europe's centuries of cultural and intellectual isolation.
Term
Cuban missile crisis (1962)
Definition
Almost-war confrontation over SU's placement of nuclear-armed missiles in Cuba.
Term
Cultural Revolution (China)
Definition
Campaign ordered by Mao Zedong to purge Communist Party of his opponents and instill revolutionary values in the younger generation.
Term
Declaration of the Rights of Man (1789)
Definition
Statement of fundamental political rights by the French National Assembly at the beginning of the French Revolution.
Term
Delhi Sultanate (1206-1526)
Definition
Centralized Indian empier of varying extent, created by Muslim invaders.
Term
devshirme
Definition
"Selection" in Turkish. System by which boys from Christian communities were taken by the Ottomans to serve as Janissaries.
Term
dhow
Definition
small to moderately-sized ship used in the western Indian Ocean with triangular sail and timber hull.
Term
Dirty War
Definition
War waged by the Argentine military against leftist groups. Characterized by illegal imprisonment, torture and executions by military.
Term
encomienda
Definition
Grant of authority over a population of Amerindians in the Spanish colonies. Provided grant holder with cheap labor and payment of good by Ameriandians.
Term
Estates General
Definition
France's traditional national assembly with representatives of the three estates, or classes, in French society: Clergy, nobles and commoners. Calling of Estates General in 1789 led to the French Revolution.
Term
gentry
Definition
Chinese class of prosperous families, below rural aristocrats, which the emperors drew administrative personnel.
Term
Golden Horde
Definition
Mongol Khanate founded by Genghis Khan's grandson Batu. Based in southern Russia and adopted Turkic language and Islam.
Term
Grand Canal
Definition
1,100 mile waterway linking Yellow River and Yangzi River. Begun in the Han period and completed during Sui.
Term
Great Circuit
Definition
Network of Atlantic Ocean trade routed between Europe, Africa and the Americas that underlay the Atlantic system.
Term
Great Western Schism
Definition
Division in Western Christian Church between 1378 and 1417, when the rival claimants to the papacy existed in Rome and Avignon.
Term
Guomindang
Definition
Nationalist political party founded on democratic principles by Sun Yat-sen in 1912. Later headed by Chiang Kai-shek, who turned it into an authoritarian movement.
Term
Hanseatic League
Definition
Economic and defensive alliance of the free towns in northern Germany, founded 1241, most powerful in the 14th century.
Term
Hellenistic Age
Definition
Era which Greek culture spread across western Asia and northeastern Africa after the conquests of Alexander the Great. Ended with the fall of the last Hellenistic kingdom to Rome, but Greek cultural influence persisted.
Term
Helsinki Records
Definition
Political and human rights agreement signed in Helsinki, Finland by the SU and western European countries.
Term
Hidden Imam
Definition
Last in series of descendants of Muhammad's son-in-law Ali, whom Shi'ites consider divinely appointed leaders of the Muslim community. In conclusion since ca. 873, he is expected to return as a messiah at the end of time.
Term
Hiroshima
Definition
City in Japan first to be destroyed by an atomic bomb in 1945. Hastened the end of WWII.
Term
Hittites
Definition
People from central Anatolia who established an empire in Anatolia and Syria in the Late Bronze Age.
Term
hoplite
Definition
Heavily armored Greek infantryman of the Archaic and Classical periods eho fought the phalanx formation. Hoplite armies - consisting of militias comprised of middle- and upper-class citizens - were superior to all other military forces for centuries.
Term
House of Burgesses
Definition
Elected Assembly in colonial Virginia in 1618.
Term
humanists (Renaissance)
Definition
European scholars, writers and teachers associated with the study of humaanities influential in the 15th century and later.
Term
Hundred Years War (1337 - 1453)
Definition
Series of campaigns over control of the throne of France, involving English and French royal families and French noble families.
Term
Il-khan
Definition
"Secondary" or "peripheral" khna based in Persia. The Il-khans' khanate founded by Hulegu, Gengis Khan's grandson. Controlled much of Iran and Iraq.
Term
indentured servant
Definition
Migrant to British colonies in the Americas who paid for passage by agreeing to work for four to seven years.
Term
Indian Civil Service
Definition
Elite professional class of officials who administered the government of British India. Originally composed of British men, slowly included Indians.
Term
Indian National Congress
Definition
Movement and political party founded in 1865 to demand greater Indian participation in government. Led by Gandhi and appealed to the poor, organized protests for self-government and independence.
Term
Indian Ocean maritime system
Definition
Premodern times, network of seaports, trade routes and maritime culture linking countries on the rim of Indian Ocean from Africa to Indonesia.
Term
Iroquois Confederacy
Definition
Alliance of five northeastern Amerindian peoples that decided on military and diplomatic issues. Allied with the Dutch and English.
Term
Jacobins
Definition
Radical republicans during the French Revolution. Led by Maximilien Robespierre 1794-94.
Term
jihad
Definition
Islamic doctrine of expanding effort in a pious cause, sometimes referring to holy war.
Term
junk
Definition
Large flatbottom ship produced in the Song and Tang, designed for long-distance travel.
Term
Kamakura Shogunate
Definition
First of Japan's decentralized military governments.
Term
laissez faire
Definition
Idea that the government should refrain from interfering in economic affairs.
Term
League of Nations
Definition
International organization founded 1919 to promote world peace and cooperation but weakened by US not joining.
Term
Legalism
Definition
Chinese political philosophy that emphasized unruliness of human nature and justified state coercion and control.
Term
liberalism
Definition
Political ideology emphasizing civil rights of citizens, representative government and protection of private property. Derived from Enlightenment and popular in Europe and US.
Term
Macartney mission
Definition
Unsuccessful attempt by British Empire to establish diplomatic relations with Qing.
Term
Mahabharata
Definition
Epic chronicling leading up to cataclysmic battle between related kinship groups in early India.
Term
Mahayana Buddhism
Definition
"Great Vehicle" Buddhism followed in China, Japan and Central Asia. Focuses on reverence for Buddha and for bodhisattvas, enlightened persons who postponed Nirvana to help others reach Enlightenment.
Term
Mamluks
Definition
Under Islamic system of military slavery, Turkic military slaves who formed an important part of the armed forces of Abbasid Caliphate. They founded their own state, ruling Egypt and Syria.
Term
Manchus
Definition
Federation of Northeast Asian peoples who founded the Qing Empire.
Term
mandate system
Definition
Allocation of former German colonies and Ottoman possessions to the victorious powers after WWI, to be administered under League of Nations supervisions.
Term
mansabs
Definition
In India, grants of land given in return for service by rulers of the Mughal Empire
Term
Meiji Restoration
Definition
Political program that followed the destruction of the Tokugawa Shogunate in 1868, which young leaders set Japan on the path to centralization, industrialization and imperialism.
Term
mercantilism
Definition
European government policies in the 16th, 17th and 18th centuries to promote overseas trade between a country and its colonies and get precious metals by requiring colonies only to trade with their motherland country. British system fined by the Navigation Acts.
Term
mit'a
Definition
Andean labor system based on shared obligations to help kinsmen and work on behalf of the ruler and religions organizations.
Term
moksha
Definition
Hindu concept of the sprit's "liberation" from the endless cycle of rebirths.
Term
National Assembly
Definition
French Revolutionary assembly. First Estates General, the three estates came together and demanded radical change. Passed the Declaration of the Rights of Man.
Term
New Economic Policy
Definition
Policy proclaimed by Lenin in 1924 to encourage revival of the Soviet economy by allowing small private enterprises. Stalin nded the NEP and replaced it with Five-Year Plans.
Term
New Imperialism
Definition
Late 19th and 20th century wave of conquests by Europe, US and Japan followed by exploitation of territories.
Term
North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)
Definition
Formed 1949 as military alliance of western European and US states against SU amd its east European allies.
Term
Opium War (1839-1842)
Definition
War between Britain and Qing caused by Qing's refusal to permit the importation of opium into its territories. Victorious British made one-sided Nanking Treaty.
Term
Panama Canal
Definition
Ship canal cut across isthmus of Panama by US Army engineers; opened in 1915. Shortened voyage between east and west coasts of America.
Term
Peloponnesian War
Definition
Conflict between Athenian and Spartan alliance systems that convulsed most of the Greek world. Largely consequence of Athenian imperialism.
Term
Persian Wars
Definition
Between Greek city-states and Persian Empire, ranging from Ionian Revolt to defeat of Xerxes' invasion of Greece by Hellenic League.
Term
proxy wars
Definition
During the Cold War, local or regional wars in which the superpowers armed, trained and financed the combatants.
Term
Puritans
Definition
English Protestant dissenters who believed God predestined souls to heaven or hell before birth. Founded Massachusetts Bay Colony in 1629
Term
Rajputs
Definition
Member of a mainly Hindu warrior caste from northwest India. Mughal emperor drew most of their Hindu officials from this caste, and Akbar I married a Rajput princess.
Term
Revolutions of 1848
Definition
Democratic and nationalist revolutions that spread across Europe. French monarch overthrown. Austria, Germany, Italy, Hungary failed.
Term
Royal African Company
Definition
Trading company chartered by English government in 1672 to conduct merchants' trade on the Atlantic coast of Africa.
Term
Safavid Empire
Definition
Iranian Empire, est. ca. 226. Established Zoroastrianism as the state religion.
Term
scholasticism
Definition
Philosophical and theological system, associated with Thomas Aquinas, devised to reconcile Aristotlean philosophy and Roman Catholic theology in the 13th century.
Term
Scientific Revolution
Definition
Intellectual movement in Europe. Associated with planetary motions and physics, by 17th century laid the groundwork for science.
Term
"scramble" for Africa
Definition
Wave of conquest in Africa by European powers in the 1880s-90s. Britain had most of east Africa, France most of northwestern Africa. Others (Germany, Portugal, Italy and Spain) had less.
Term
sepoy
Definition
Soldier in South Asia, especially in the service of the British.
Term
Sepoy Rebellion
Definition
Revolt of Indian soldiers against certain practices that violated religious customs.
Term
Sikhism
Definition
Indian religion founded by guru Nanak. After Mughal emperor ordered to behead the ninth guru, Sikh warriors mounted armed resistance to Mughal rule.
Term
Silk Road
Definition
Caravan routes connecting China and the Middle East across Central Asia and Japan.
Term
socialism
Definition
Political ideology originated in Europe in 1830s. Advocated government protection of wprkers from exploitation by property owners amd government ownership of industries. Led to founding of socialist or labor parties in Europe in late 19th century.
Term
Sokoto Caliphate
Definition
Large Muslim state founded in 1809 in now Nigeria.
Term
Song Empire
Definition
Distinguished for advances in technology, medicine, astronomy and mathematics.
Term
Srivijaya
Definition
State on Indonesian island Sumatra, amassed wealth and power by adaptations of Indian technologies and concepts, control of trade routes between India and China.
Term
steam engine
Definition
Reinvented by James Watt, later applied to machinery, railroad equipment and factories.
Term
Taiping Rebellion
Definition
Most destructive civil war before 12th century. Christian-inspired rural rebellion threatened to topple Qing.
Term
Tang Empire
Definition
Unified China and part of Central Asia, capital Chang'an.
Term
Tanzimat
Definition
"Restructuring" reforms in 19th century Ottoman rulers, intending to move civil law away from the control of religious elites and make military bureaucracy more efficient.
Term
Theravada Buddhism
Definition
"Way of the Elders" Buddhism followed in Sri Lanka and Southeast Asia. Remains close to original principles of Buddha; downplays importance of gods and emphasizes austerity and individuals search for enlightenment.
Term
Tiananmen Square
Definition
Beijing where students and workers gathered to demand greater political openness in 89. Crushed by Chinese military.
Term
Tokugawa Shogunate
Definition
Last of three shogunates in Japan.
Term
trans-Saharan caravan routes
Definition
Trading network linking North Africa eith sub-Saharan Africa across the Sahara.
Term
Treaty of Nanking
Definition
Ended the Opium War. Gave Britain large indemnity from Qing, denied Qing government tariff control over some of its borders, opened additional ports of residece to British and ceded Hong Kong to Britain.
Term
Treaty of Versailles (1919)
Definition
Imposed on Germany by France, Great Britain, US and other Allied Powers after WWI. Demanded Germany dismantle its military and give up some lands to Poland. Resented by many Germans.
Term
tributary systems
Definition
In Han, system where East and Southeast Asian countries not under direct control of empires based in China were tributary states, acknowledging the superiority of Chinese emperors in exchange for trading rights or strategic alliances.
Term
Truman Doctrine
Definition
Foreign policy by US president Harry Truman un 1947. Offered military aid to help Turkey and Greece reist Soviet military pressure and subversion.
Term
ulama
Definition
Muslim religious scholars. Primary interpreters of Islamic law and social core of the Muslim urban societies.
Term
umma
Definition
Community of all Muslims.
Term
United Nations
Definition
International Organization founded 1945 to promote world peace and cooperation. Replaced League of Nations.
Term
Universal Declaration of Human Rights
Definition
1946 UN covenant binding signatory nations to the observats of specified rights.
Term
Vietnam War
Definition
Conflict pitting North Vietnam and South Vietnamese communist guerrillas against the South Vietnamese government, aided after 1961 by US.
Term
Western Front
Definition
Line of trenches and fortifications in WWI that stretched from Switzerland to the North Sea. Scene of most of the fighting between Germany, and France and Britain.
Term
Women's Rights Convention
Definition
1848 gathering of women angered by their exclusion from an international antislavery meeting. Met at Seneca Falls to discuss women's rights.
Term
World Bank
Definition
Agency of the UN that makes loans to countries for economic development, trade promotion and debt consolidation.
Term
World Trade Organization
Definition
International body established in 1995 to foster and bring order to international trade.
Term
Zhou
Definition
Took over Shang and created Mandate of Heaven to justify rule.
Term
ziggurat
Definition
Large pyramidal stepped tower made of mudbricks. Associated with religious functions in Mesopotamian societies.
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