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AP U.S. History Ch. 23-27
Terms and Names
147
History
11th Grade
01/25/2013

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Term
Bloody-shirt
Definition
The symbol of the Republican political tactic of attacking Democrats with reminders of the Civil War
Term
Credit Moblier
Definition
Corrupt construction company whose bribes and payoffs to congressmen and other created a major Grant administration scandal
Term
Liberal Republicans
Definition
Short-lived third party of 1872 that attempted to curb Grant administration corruption
Term
Silver
Definition
Precious metal that "soft-money" advocates demanded be coined again to compensate for the "Crime of '73"
Term
Greenback Labor
Definition
"Soft-money" third party that polled over a million votes and elected 14 congressmen in 1878 by advocating inflation
Term
Gilded Age
Definition
Mark Twain's sarcastic name for the post-Civil War era, which emphasized its atmosphere of greed and corruption
Term
GAR
Definition
Civil War Union Veterans' organization that became a potent political bulwark of the Republican party in the late 19th century
Term
Stalwarts
Definition
Republican party faction led by Senator Roscoe Conkling that opposed all attempts at civil-reform
Term
Half-Breeds
Definition
Republican party faction led by Senator James G. Blaine that paid lip service to government reform while still battling for patronage and spoils
Term
Compromise of 1877
Definition
THe complex political agreement between Republicans and Democrats that resolved the bitterly disputed election of 1876
Term
Chinese
Definition
Asian immigrant group that experienced discrimination on the West Coast
Term
Civil Service Commission
Definition
System of choosing federal employees on the basis of merit rater than patronage introduced by the Pendleton Act of 1883
Term
McKinley Tariff Act
Definition
Sky-high Republican tariff of 1890 that caused widespread anger among farmers in the 1890s
Term
Populist
Definition
Insurgent political party that gained widespread support among farmers in the 1890s
Term
Grandfather Clause
Definition
Notorious clause in southern voting laws that exempted from literacy tests and poll taxes anyone whose ancestors had voted in 1860, thereby excluding blacks
Term
Ulysses S. Grant
Definition
Great military leader whose presidency foundered in corruption and political ineptitude
Term
Jim Fisk
Definition
Bold and unprincipled financier whose plot to corner the U.S. gold market nearly succeeded in 1869
Term
Boss Tweed
Definition
Heavyweight NY political boss whose widespread fraud landed him in jail in 1871
Term
Horace Greeley
Definition
Colorful, eccentric newspaper editor who carried the Liberal Republicans and Democratic banners against Grant in 1872
Term
Jay Cooke
Definition
Wealthy NY financier whose bank collapse in 1873 set off an economic depression
Term
Denis Kearney
Definition
Irish-born leader of the anti-Chinese movement in California
Term
Tom Watson
Definition
Radical Populist leader whose early success turned sour, and who then became a vicious racist
Term
Roscoe Conkling
Definition
Imperious NY senator and leader of the "Stalwart" faction of Republicans
Term
James G. Blaine
Definition
Charming but corrupt "Half-Breed" Republican senator and presidential nominee in 1884
Term
Rutherford B. Hayes
Definition
Winner of the contested 1876 election who presided over the end of Reconstruction and a sharp economic downturn
Term
James Garfield
Definition
President whose assassination after only a few months in office spurred the passage of a civil-service law
Term
Jim Crow
Definition
Term for the racial segregation laws imposed in the 1890s
Term
Grover Cleveland
Definition
First Democratic president since the Civil War; defender of laissez-faire economics and low tariffs
Term
William Jennings Bryan
Definition
Eloquent young Congressman from Nebraska who became the most prominent advocate of "free-silver" in the early 1890s
Term
J.P. Morgan
Definition
Enormously wealthy banker whose secret bailout of the federal government in 1895 aroused fierce public anger
Term
land grants
Definition
Federally owned acreage granted to the railroad companies in order to encourage the building of rail lines
Term
Union Pacific
Definition
The original transcontinental railroad,commissioned by Congress, which built its rail line west from Omaha
Term
Central Pacific
Definition
The California-based railroad company, headed by Leland Stanford, that employed Chinese laborers in building lines across the mountains
Term
The Great Norther
Definition
The northernmost of the transcontinental railroad lines, organized by economically wise and public-spirited industrialist James J. Hill
Term
Stock-watering
Definition
Dishonest device by which railroad promoters artificially inflated the price of their stocks and bonds
Term
"Wabash"
Definition
Supreme Court case of 1886 that prevented states from regulating railroads or other forms of interstate commerce
Term
ICC
Definition
Federal regulatory agency often used by rail companies to stabilize the industry and prevent ruinous competition
Term
Telephone
Definition
Late 19th-century invention that revolutionized communication and created a large new industry that relied heavily on female workers
Term
Standard Oil
Definition
First of the great industrial trusts, organized through a principle of "horizontal integration" that ruthlessly incorporated or destroyed competitors
Term
U.S. Steel
Definition
The first billion-dollar American corporation, organized when J.P. Morgan bought out Andrew Carnegie
Term
"New South"
Definition
Term that identified southern promoters' belief in a technologically advanced industrial South
Term
Colored National Labor Union
Definition
Black labor organization that briefly flourished in the late 1860s
Term
Knights of Labor
Definition
Secret, ritualistic labor organization that enrolled many skilled and unskilled workers but collapsed suddenly after the Haymarket Square bombing
Term
Craft Unions
Definition
Skilled labor organizations, such as those of carpenters and printers, that were most successful in conducting strikes and raising wages
Term
AFL
Definition
The conservative labor group that successfully organized a minority of American workers but left others out
Term
Leland Stanford
Definition
Former California governor and organizer of the Central Pacific Railroad
Term
Russell Conwell
Definition
Pro-business clergyman whose "Acres of Diamonds" speeches criticized the poor
Term
James J. Hill
Definition
Public-spirited railroad builder who assisted farmers in the northern areas served by his rail lines
Term
Cornelius Vanderbilt
Definition
Aggressive eastern railroad builder and consolidator who scorned the law as an obstacle to his enterprise
Term
Charles Dana Gibson
Definition
Magazine illustrator who created a romantic image of the new independent woman
Term
Alexander Graham Bell
Definition
Former teacher of the deaf whose invention created an entire new industry
Term
Thomas Edison
Definition
Inventive genius of industrialization who worked on devices such as the electric light, the phonograph, and the motion picture
Term
Andrew Carnegie
Definition
Scottish immigrant who organized a vast new industry on the principle of "vertical integration"
Term
John D. Rockefeller
Definition
Aggressive energy-industry monopolist who used tough means to build a trust based on "horizontal integration"
Term
J. Pierpont Morgan
Definition
The only businessperson in America wealthy enough to buy out Andrew Carnegie and organize the United States Steel Corporation
Term
Henry Grady
Definition
Southern newspaper editor who tirelessly promoted industrialization as the salvation of the economically backward South
Term
Terence V. Powderly
Definition
Eloquent leader of a secretive labor organization that made substantial gains in the 1880s before it suddenly collapsed
Term
William Graham Sumner
Definition
Intellectual defender of laissez-faire capitalism who argued that the wealthy owed "nothing" to the poor
Term
John P. Altgeld
Definition
Illinois governor who pardoned the Haymarket anarchists
Term
Samuel Gompers
Definition
Organizer of a conservative craft-union group and advocate of "more" wages for skilled workers
Term
dumb-bell tenements
Definition
High-rise urban buildings that provided barrackslike housing for urban slum dwellers
Term
New Immigrants
Definition
Term for the post-1880 newcomers who came to America primarily from southern and eastern Europe
Term
Birds of Passage
Definition
Immigrants who came to America to earn money for a time and then returned to their native land
Term
Social Gospel
Definition
The religious doctrines preached by those who believed the churches should directly address economic and social problems
Term
Hull House
Definition
Settlement house in the Chicago slums that became a model for women's involvement in urban social reform
Term
Social Work
Definition
Profession established by Jane Addams and others that opened new opportunities for women while engaging urban problems
Term
APA
Definition
Nativist organization that attacked "New Immigrants" and Roman Catholicism in the 1880s and 1890s
Term
Roman Catholic
Definition
The church that became the largest American religious group, mainly as a result of the "New Immigration"
Term
Tuskegee
Definition
Black educational institution founded by Booker T. Washington to provide training in agriculture and crafts
Term
NAACP
Definition
Organization founded by W. E. B. Du Bois and others to advance black social and economic equality
Term
"Progress and Poverty"
Definition
Henry George's best-selling book that advocated social reform through the imposition of a "single tax" on land
Term
Comstalkwall
Definition
Federal law promoted by a self-appointed morality crusader and used to prosecute moral and sexual dissidents
Term
Women & Economics
Definition
Charlotte Perkins Gilman's book urging women to enter the work force and advocating cooperative kitchens and child-care centers
Term
National American Women's Suffrage Association
Definition
Organization formed by Elizabeth Cady Stanton and others to promote the vote for women
Term
Women's Christian Temperance Union
Definition
Women's organization founded by reformer Frances Willard and others to oppose alcohol consumption
Term
Louis Sullivan
Definition
Chicago-based architect whose high-rise innovation allowed more people to crowd into limited urban space
Term
Walter Rauschenbusch
Definition
Leading Protestant advocate of the "social gospel" who tried to make Christianity relevant to urban and industrial problems
Term
Jane Addams
Definition
Leading social reformer who lived with the poor in the slums and pioneered new forms of activism
Term
Dwight L. Moody
Definition
Popular evangelical preacher who brought the tradition of old-time revivalism to the industrial city
Term
Mary Baker Eddy
Definition
Author and founder of a popular new religion based on principles of spiritual healing
Term
Booker T. Washington
Definition
Former slave who promoted industrial education and economic opportunity but not social equality for blacks
Term
W. E. B. Du Bois
Definition
Harvard-educated scholar and advocate of full black social and economic equality through the leadership of a "talented tenth"
Term
William James
Definition
Harvard scholar who made original contributions to modern psychology and philosophy
Term
Henry George
Definition
Controversial reformer whose book Progress and Poverty advocated solving problems of economic inequality by a tax on land
Term
Emily Dickinson
Definition
Gifted but isolated New England poet, the bulk of whose works were not published until after her death
Term
Mark Twain
Definition
Midwestern-born writer and lecturer who created a new style of American literature based on social realism and humor
Term
Victoria Woodhull
Definition
Radical feminist propagandist whose eloquent attacks on conventional social morality shocked many Americans in the 1870s
Term
Anthony Comstock
Definition
Vigorous 19th-century crusader for sexual "purity" who used federal law to enforce his moral views
Term
Charlotte Perkins Gilman
Definition
Brilliant feminist writer who advocated cooperative cooking and child-care arrangements to promote women's economic independence and equality
Term
Henry Adams
Definition
Well-connected and socially prominent historian who feared modern trends and sought relief in the beauty and culture of the past
Term
Sioux
Definition
Major northern Plains Indian nation that fought and eventually lost a bitter war against the U.S. Army, 1876-1877
Term
Apache
Definition
Southwestern Indian tribe led by Geronimo that carried out some of the last fighting against white conquest
Term
Reservations
Definition
Generally poor areas where vanquished Indians were eventually confined under federal control
Term
Ghost Dance
Definition
Indian religious movement, originating out of the sacred Sun Dance that the federal government attempted to stamp out in 1890
Term
Dawes Act
Definition
Federal law that attempted to dissolve tribal landholding and establish Indians as individual
Term
Comstock Lode
Definition
Huge silver and gold deposit that brought wealth and statehood to Nevada
Term
Long Drive
Definition
General term for the herding of cattle from the grassy plains to the railroad terminals of Kansas, Nebraska, and Wyoming
Term
Homestead Act
Definition
Federal law that offered generous land opportunities to poorer farmers but also provided the unscrupulous with opportunities for hoaxes and fraud
Term
Barbed-Wire
Definition
Improved type of fencing that enabled farmers to enclose land on the treeless plains
Term
Oklahoma
Definition
Former "Indian Territory" where "sooners" tried to get the jump on "boomers" when it was opened for settlement in 1889
Term
Populist
Definition
Third political party that emerged in the 1890s to express rural grievances and mount major attacks on the Democrats and Republicans
Term
Coin's Financial School
Definition
Popular pamphlet written by William Hope Harvey that portrayed pro-silver arguments triumphing over the traditional views of bankers and economics professors
Term
Pullman Strike
Definition
Bitter labor conflict in Chicago that brought him the Democratic presidential nomination in 1896
Term
Cross of Gold
Definition
Spectacular convention speech by a young pro-silver advocate that brought him the Democratic presidential nomination in 1896
Term
Gold Bug
Definition
Popular term for those who favored the "status quo" in metal money and opposed the pro-silver Bryanites in1896
Term
Sand Creek, Colorado
Definition
Site of Indian massacre by militia forces in 1864
Term
Little Big Horn
Definition
Sit of major U.S. Army defeat in the Sioux War of '76-'77
Term
Sitting Bull
Definition
Leader of the Sioux during wars of '76-'77
Term
Chief Joseph
Definition
Leader of the Nez Percé tribe who conducted a brilliant but unsuccessful military campaign in 1877
Term
Geronimo
Definition
Leader of the Apaches of Arizona in their warfare with the whites
Term
Helen Hunt Jackson
Definition
Massachusetts writer whose books aroused sympathy for the plight of the Native Americans
Term
John Wesley Powell
Definition
Explorer and geologist who warned that traditional agriculture could not succeed west of the 100th meridian
Term
William Hope Harvey
Definition
Author of the popular pro-silver pamphlet "Coin's Financial School"
Term
Eugene V. Debs
Definition
Railway union leader who converted to socialism while serving jail time during the Pullman strike
Term
James B. Weaver
Definition
Former Civil War general and Granger who ran as the Greenback Labor party candidate for president in 1880
Term
Mary E. Lease
Definition
Eloquent Kansas Populist who urged farmers to "raise less corn and more hell"
Term
Mark Hanna
Definition
Ohio industrialist and organizer of McKinley's victory over Bryan in the election of 1896
Term
Samoan Islands
Definition
Remote Pacific site of a naval clash between the US and Germany in 1889
Term
Chile
Definition
South American nation that nearly came to blows with the US in 1892 over an incident involving the deaths of American sailors
Term
Monroe Doctrine
Definition
The principle of American foreign policy invoked by Secretary of State Olney to justify American intervention in the Venezuelan boundary dispute
Term
Yellow Journalism
Definition
Term for the sensationalistic and jingoistic prowar journalism practiced by W. R. Hearst and Joseph Pulitzer
Term
"Maine"
Definition
American battleship sent on a "friendly" visit to Cuba that ended in disaster and war
Term
Manila Bay
Definition
Site of the dramatic American naval victory that led to US acquisition of rich, Spanish-owned Pacific Islands
Term
Rough Riders
Definition
Colorful volunteer regiment of the Spanish-American War led by a militarily inexperienced but politically influential colonel
Term
Puerto Rico
Definition
The Caribbean island conquered from Spain in 1898 that became an important American colony
Term
Insular Cases
Definition
Supreme Court cases of 1901 that determined that the US Constitution and Bill of Rights did not apply in colonial territories under the American flag
Term
Open Door Notes
Definition
John Hay's clever diplomatic efforts to preserve Chinese territorial integrity and maintain American access to China
Term
Boxer Rebellion
Definition
Antiforeign Chinese revolt of 1900 that brought military intervention by Western troops, including Americans
Term
Hay-Pauncefote Treaty
Definition
Diplomatic agreement of 1901 that permitted the US to build and fortify a Central American canal alone, without British involvement
Term
Columbia
Definition
Nation whose senate in 1902 refused to ratify a treaty permitting the US to build a canal across its territory
Term
Roosevelt Corollary
Definition
Questionable extension of a traditional American policy; declared an American right to intervene in Latin American nations under certain circumstances
Term
"Gentlemen's Agreement"
Definition
Diplomatic understanding of '07-'08 that ended a Japanese American crisis over treatment of Japanese immigrants to the US
Term
Josiah Strong
Definition
American clergyman who preached Anglo-Saxon superiority and called for stronger US missionary effort
Term
Alfred Thayer Mahan
Definition
American naval officer who wrote influential books emphasizing sea power and advocating a big navy
Term
Emilio Aguinaldo
Definition
Filipino leader of a guerilla war against American rule from '99-'01
Term
Queen Liliuokalani
Definition
Native Hawaiian ruler overthrown in a revolution led by white planters and aided by US troops
Term
Grover Cleveland
Definition
American president who refused to annex Hawaii on the grounds that the native ruler had been unjustly deposed
Term
"Butcher" Weyler
Definition
Spanish general whose brutal tactics against Cuban rebels outraged American public opinion
Term
William R. Hearst
Definition
Vigorous promoter of sensationalistic anti-Spanish propaganda and eager advocate of imperialistic war
Term
William McKinley
Definition
President who initially opposed war with Spain but eventually supported US acquisition of the Philippines
Term
George E. Dewey
Definition
Naval commander whose spectacular May Day victory in 1898 opened the doors to American imperialism in Asia
Term
Theodore Roosevelt
Definition
Imperialist advocate, aggressive assistant navy secretary, Rough Rider
Term
John Hay
Definition
American secretary of state who attempted to preserve Chinese independence and protect American interests in China
Term
Philippe Bunau-Varilla
Definition
Scheming French engineer who helped stage a revolution in Panama and then became the country's "instant" foreign minister
Term
William James
Definition
Harvard philosopher and one of the leading anti-imperialists opposing US acquisition of the Philippines
Term
William Jennings Bryan
Definition
Leading Democratic politician whose intervention narrowly tipped the Senate vote in favor of acquiring the Philippines in '99
Term
Thomas Platt
Definition
New York politician who successfully schemed to get TR out of New York and into the vice presidency in Washington
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