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Chapter 21: The Furnace of Civil War
N/A
34
History
11th Grade
04/22/2013

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Term
Battle of Bull Run (Manassas Junction)
Definition
Civil War battle that ended in a decisive victory for Confederate General Robert E. Lee, who was emboldened to push further into the North.
Term
Peninsular Campaign
Definition
Union General George B. McClellan's failed effort to seize Richmond, the Confederate capital.  Had McClellan taken Richmond & toppled the Confederacy, slavery would have most likely survived in the South for some time.
Term
Merrimack & Monitor
Definition
Confederate & Union ironclads respectively, whose success against wooden ships signaled an end to wooden warships.  They fought a historic, though inconsequential battle in 1862.
Term
Second Battle of Bull Run
Definition
First major battle of the Civil War & a victory for the South, it dispelled Northern illusions of swift victory.
Term
Battle of Antietam
Definition
Landmark battle in the Civil War that essentially ended in a draw but demonstrated the prowess of the Union army, forestalling foreign intervention & giving Lincoln the "victory" he needed to issue the Emancipation Proclamation.
Term
Emancipation Proclamation
Definition
Declared all slaves in rebelling states to be free but did not affect slavery in non-rebelling Border States.  The Proclamation closed the door on possible compromise with the South & encouraged thousands of Southern slaves to flee Union lines.
Term
Thirteenth Ammendment
Definition
Consitutional ammendment prohibiting all forms of slavery & involuntary servitude.  Former Confederate States were required to ratify the ammendment prior to gaining reentry into the Union.
Term
Battle of Fredericksburg
Definition
Decisive victory in Virginia for Confederate Robert E. Lee, who successfully repelled a Union attack on his lines.
Term
Battle of Gettysburg
Definition
Civil War battle in Pennsylvania that ended in Union victory, spelling doom for the Confederacy, which never again managed to invade the North.  Site of General George Pickett's daring but doomed charge on the Northern lines.
Term
Gettysburg Address
Definition
Abraham Lincoln's oft-quoted speech delivered at the dedication of the cemetery at Gettysburg battlefield.  In the address, Lincoln framed the war as a means to uphold liberty.
Term
Battle of Fort Henry & Fort Donelson
Definition
Key victory for Union general Ulysses S. Grant, it secured the North's hold on Kentucky & paved the way for Grant's attacks deeper into Tennessee.
Term
Battle of Shiloh
Definition
Bloody Civil War battle on the Tennessee-Mississippi border that resulted in the deaths of more than 23,000 soldiers & ended in a marginal Union victory.
Term
Siege of Vicksburg
Definition
Two & a half month siege on a Confederate fort on the Mississippi in Tennessee, Vicksburg finally fell to Ulysses S. Grant in July of 1863 giving the Union Army control of the Mississippi River & splitting the South in two.
Term
Sherman's March
Definition
Union general William Tecumseh Sherman's destructive march through Georgia.  An early instance of "total war", purposely targeting infastructure & civilian property to diminish morale & undercut the Confederate War effort.
Term
Congressional Committee on the Conduct of the War
Definition
Established by Congress during the Civil War to oversee military affairs.  Largely under control of radical republicans, the committe agitated for a more vigorous war effort & actively pressed Lincoln on the issue of emancipation.
Term
Copperheads
Definition
Northern democrats who obstructed the war effort attacking Abraham Lincoln, the draft, and after 1863, emancipation.
Term
The Man Without a Country
Definition
Edward Everett Hale's fictional account of a treasonous soldier's journeys in exil.  The book was widely read in the North, inspiring greater devotion to the Union.
Term
Union Party
Definition
A coalition party of pro-War Democrats and Republicans formed during the 1864 election to defeat anti-war Northern Democrats.
Term
Wilderness Campaign
Definition
A series of brutal clashes between Ulysses S. Grant's & Robert E. Lee's armies in Virginia, leading up to Grant's capture of Richmond in April 1865.  Having lost Richmond, Lee surrendered to Grant at Appomattox Courthouse.
Term
Appomattox Courthouse
Definition
Site where Robert E. Lee surrendered to Ulysses S. Grant in April 1865 after a year of brutal fighting throughout Virginia in the "Wilderness Campaign".
Term
Reform Bill of 1867
Definition
Granted suffrage to all male British citizens, dramatically expanding the electorate.  The success of the American democratic experiment, reinforced by the Union victory in the Civil War, was used as one of the arguments in favor of the Bill.
Term
Thomas J. ("Stonewall") Jackson
Definition
Confederate general who defeated Unionists but later died after accidentally being shot.
Term
George B. McClellan
Definition
Also known as "Tardy George"; relieved twice as general because of his losses due to reluctancy.
Term
Robert E. Lee
Definition
Brilliant Confederate general who ultimately lost the Civil War but did gain some key victories.
Term
John Pope
Definition
Union general whose overconfidence caused a defeat.
Term
A. E. Burnside
Definition
Union general who replaced McClellan at Fredericksburg but lost many men.
Term
Joseph ("Fighting Joe") Hooker
Definition
Union general defeated at Chancelorsville, VA.
Term
George G. Meade
Definition
Union general who unexpectedly got the job & won at Gettysburg.
Term
George Pickett
Definition
Failed at his last stand-"Pickett's Charge", which was the last hurrah for the Confederacy.
Term
Ulysses S. Grant
Definition
Also known as "unconditional surrender Grant"; Union general whose gory tactics were criticized by many but won the war.
Term
William Tecumseh Sherman
Definition
Union General who made the famous march to the sea with widespread destruction.
Term
Salmon Chase
Definition
Leader of a faction within Lincoln's own party; Secretary of the Treasury.
Term
Clement L. Vallandigham
Definition
Loud Copperhead exiled to the Confederacy by Lincoln; inspired the book Man Without a Country.
Term
John Wilkes Booth
Definition
Assasinator of Lincoln.
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