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AP Test 2
Anatomy & Physiology terms 2nd HACC test
162
Anatomy
Undergraduate 1
03/10/2010

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Term
2 types of Epithilial Tissue
Definition
Covering and lining epithelium, Glandular epithilium
Term
3 Epithelial Cell Shapes
Definition
Squamous, Cuboidal, Columnar
Term
3 Types of Dense Connective Tissue
Definition
Dense Regular Connective Tissue, Dense Irregular Connective Tissue, Elastic Connective Tissue
Term
3 Types of Exocrine Glands By Function
Definition
Merocrine-Gland made up of secretory cells that remain intact throughout the process of formation and discharge of the secretory product, as in the salivary and pancreatic glands.

Apocrine- A type of gland in which the secretory products gather at the free end of the secreting cell and are pinched off, along with some of the cytoplasm, to become the secretion, as in mammary glands.

Holocrine-A type of gland in which entire secretory cells, along with their accumulated secretions, make up the secretory product of the gland, as in the sebaceous glands.
Term
3 Types of Loose Connective Tissue
Definition
Areolar Connective Tissue, Adipose Tissue, Reticular Connective Tissue
Term
4 Basic Types of Tissue
Definition
Epithelial – covers, lines, forms glands

Connective – protects and supports, bind organs together, store energy reserves, help provide immunity

Muscular – movement

Nervous – Electrical communication in the body and with the environment, help maintain homeostasis
Term
4 Types of Membranes

3 Epithelial
1 Synovial
Definition
Mucous- Opens to exterior; upper/outer layer of epithelium, and underlying layer of connective tissue.

Serous Membrane (or serosa)- same as mucous but doesn't open to the exterior

Cutaneous- Skin

Synovial- Joint
Term
5 Types of Mature Connective Tissue
Definition
Loose Connective Tissue, Dense Connective Tissue, Cartilage, Bone Tissue, Liquid Connective Tissue (blood tissue and lymph)
Term
Acinar Glands
Definition
Simple rounded Glands
Term
Actin
Definition
A contractile protein that is part of thin filaments in muscle fibers.
Term
Adhesion Belts
Definition
Adherens junctions in the form of a long line across cells.
Term
Adhesion Proteins
Definition
Links the components of ground substance to one another and to the surfaces of cells.
Term
All Glandular Tissue is
Definition
Cuboidal
Term
Alternative Splicing
Definition
The process of putting exons together while leaving out introns, with each combination of exons being different for each protein.
Term
Amphipathic
Definition
Both Polar and Non-Polar Parts
Term
Antiporters
Definition
Move two substances in opposite directions across the membrane.
Term
Apical (free) Surface
Definition
The surface of a cell that faces a body surface, cavity, lumen, or tubular duct.
Term
Appositional Growth
Definition
Growth due to surface deposition of material, as in the growth in diameter of cartilage and bone. Also called exogenous growth.
Term
Aquaporins
Definition
Proteins embedded in the cell membrane that regulate the flow of water.
Term
Arrector Pili
Definition
Smooth muscles attached to hairs; contraction pulls the hairs into a vertical position, resulting in "goose bumps."
Term
Axon
Definition
The usually single, long process of a nerve cell that propogates a nerve impusle toward the axon terminals.
Term
Axon
vs
Dendrite
Definition
Axon Long part
vs
Dendrite Tiny Central Web composing part
Term
Basale Epidermal Stratum (or stratum germinativum)
Definition
Deepest layer, composed of a single row of cuboidal or columnar keratinocytes that contain scattered tonofilaments (intermediate filaments); melanocytes and merkel cells associated with merkel discs are scattered among the keratinocytes.
Term
Cadherins
Definition
Transmembrane Glycoprotein; These join cells.
Term
Carcin
Vs
Sarc

For cancerous tumors
Definition
epithelial
vs
connective
Term
Cardiac muscle tissue
Definition
Striated muscle composing the heart, stimulated by intrinsic conduction system and autonomic motor neurons.
Term
Carriers
Definition
In the p membrane, moving polar substances in or out. (aka Transporters)
Term
Cartilage
Definition
A type of connective tissue consisting of chondrocytes in lacunae embedded in a dense network of collagen and elastic fibers and an extracellular matrix of chondroitin sulfate.
Term
Ceruminous Gland
Definition
A modified sudoriferous gland, in the external auditory meatus that secretes cerumen (ear wax).
Term
Channel-Mediated Facilitated Diffusion
vs
Carrier-Mediated Facilitated Diffusion
Definition
Channel- Plugged and unplugged
vs
Carrier- Brought in one by one
Term
Cholesterol
Definition
A steroid with an attached -OH group, and various glycolipids.
Term
Chondrocytes
Definition
Cell of Mature Cartilage
Term
Chondroitin Sulfate
Definition
An amorphous extracellular matrix material found outside connective tissue cells.
Term
Collagen Fiber
Definition
A protein that is the main organic constituent of connective tissue.
Term
Concentration Gradient
Definition
The difference in the concentration of a chemical from one place to another.
Term
Connexins
vs
Connexons
Definition
Connexins compose Connexons.
Term
Corneum Epidermal Stratum
Definition
Twenty-Five to Thirty rows of dead, flat keratinocytes that contain mostly keratin.
Term
Cristae
Definition
Folds in Mitochondria
Term
Cyclin-dependent Protein Kinases (Cdk)
Definition
Transfer a phosphate group from ATP to a protein to activate the protein; other enzymes can remove the phosphate group from the protein to deactivate it.
Term
Dendrite
Definition
A neuronal process that carries electrical signals toward the cell body.
Term
Dermal Root Sheath
Definition
Outermost layer of a hair
Term
Dermatan Sulfate
Definition
A glycosaminoglycan and polysaccharide found in tissues that helps it to keep water and help ground tissue maintain its jellylike texture.
Term
Eccrine Sweat Gland
Definition
Also called merocrine sweat gland, simple coiled tubular glands all over the body that start working shortly after birth.
Term
Elastic Fibers
Definition
Smaller than collagen fibers, branch and join together to form a network within a tissue.
Term
Electrical Gradient
Definition
A difference in electrical charges between two regions.
Term
Electrochemical Gradient
Definition
The combination of electrical gradient and concentration gradient.
Term
Endothelium
Definition
The layer of simple squamous epithelium that lines the cavities of the heart, blood vessels, and lymphatic vessels.
Term
Epidermal Wound
vs
Deep Wound
Definition
Deep wound extends into the dermis, whereas an epidermal wound does not.
Term
Epithelial Membrane
Definition
An epithelial layer and an underlying connective tissue layer.
Term
Excitable Cells
Definition
Exhibit electrical excitability, or the ability to respond to certain stimuli by producing electrical signals.
Term
Factors that Affect Diffusion (5)
Definition
Difference in concentration, Temperature, Mass of particles, Surface area, Diffusion distance
Term
3 Types of Fibers
Definition
Collagen Fibers, Elastic Fibers, Reticular Fibers
Term
Fibronectin
Definition
Binds to both collagen fibers and ground substance linking them together.
Term
Fibrosis
Definition
Formation of a Scar
Term
Gene Expression
Definition
Gene’s DNA used as a template for synthesis of a protein. Transcription – DNA is copied (transcribed) to produce a specific molecule of RNA. Translation – RNA attaches to ribosome to translate information into a sequence of amino acids to produce a new protein molecule.
Term
Glycosaminoglycan (GAG)
Definition
Trap water, making ground subtance more jellylike.
Term
Granulation Tissue
Definition
Reparation tissue; the mass of tissues that form and come together to seal a cut or wound.
Term
Granulosum Epidermal Stratum
Definition
Three to five rows of flattened keratinocytes, in which organelles are beginning to degenerate; cells contain the protein keratohyalin, which converts tonofilaments into keratin, and lamellar granules, which release a lipid-rich, water repellent secretion.
Term
Ground Substance
Definition
Component of a connective tissue between the cells and fibers.
Term
Glycolipids
Definition
Lipids with an attached carbohydrate group.
Term
Hair Matrix
Definition
Layer of cells that arise from the stratum basale where cell division occurs. (the layer of cells responsible for hair growth)
Term
Hair Root Plexus
Definition
A network of dendrites arranged around the root of a hair as a free or naked nerve endings that are stimulated when a hair shaft is moved.
Term
Hair Shaft
Definition
The superficial portion of the hair, which projects above the surface of the skin.
Term
Haversian System or Osteon
Definition
The basic unit of structure in adult compact bone, consisting of a central (haversian) canal with its concentrically arranged lamellae, lacunae, osteocytes, and canaliculi.
Term
Hyaluronic Acid
Definition
A viscous, amorphous extracellular material that binds cells together, lubricates joints, and maintains the shape of the eyeballs.
Term
Hydrostatic Pressure
vs
Osmotic Pressure
Definition
The pressure that is built up by an uneven concentration of water on either side of a membrane. (like a submarine)
vs
The pressure caused by uneven concentrations of solutes in water.

BOTH are osmotic.
Term
Hypotonic
vs
Hypertonic
Definition
Lower concentration of solutes on the outside than in the cytosol ; Cell undergoes hemolysis (absorbs too much water). (pure water)
vs
Higher concentration of solutes on the outside than in the cytosol ; Cell undergoes crenation. (saturated salt water)
Term
Integral Proteins
Definition
extend into or through the lipid bilayer among the fatty acid tails and are firmly embedded in it.
Term
Integrins
Definition
A family of transmembrane glycoproteins in plasma membranes that function in cell adhesion; they are present in hemidesmosomes, which anchor cells to a basement membrane, and they mediate adhesion of neturophils to endothelial cells during emigration.
Term
Interstitial Growth
Definition
Growth from within, as in the growth of cartilage. Also called endogenous growth.
Term
Keratin Sulfate
Definition
A glycosaminoglycan polysaccharide constituting ground substance.
Term
Keratohyalin
Definition
Darkly staining granules of a protein which convert tonofilaments into keratin.
Term
Lacuna (pl Lacunae)
Definition
A small hollow space, such as that found in bones in which the osteocytes lie.
Term
Lamellar Granules
Definition
membrane enclosed; release a lipid-rich secretion that fills the spaces between cells of the stratum granulosum, lucidum, and corneum.
Term
Lamina Propria
Definition
The connective tissue layer of a mucosa.
Term
Laminin
Definition
A protein that hemidesmosomes attach to out the outside of cells.
Term
Langerhans Cell
Definition
Epidermal dendritic cell that functions as an antigen-presenting cell (APC) during an immune response.
Term
Lanugo
Definition
Fine downy hairs that cover the fetus.
Term
Lucidum Epidermal Stratum
Definition
Present only in skin of fingertips, palms, and soles; consists of three to five rows of clear, flat, dead, keratinocytes with large amounts of keratin.
Term
Ligand
Definition
A chemical substance that binds to a specific receptor.
Term
Linker DNA
Definition
The string between the nucleosomes (DNA wrapped around histones) which holds the nucleosomes together.
Term
Lymph
Definition
Fluid confined in lymphatic vessels and flowing through the lymphatic system until it is returned to the blood.
Term
Maturation Phase of Deep Wound Healing
Definition
When the scar tissue has formed and the scab is ready to fall off.
Term
Melanocyte
Definition
A pigmented cell, located between or beneath cells of the deepest layer of the epidermis, that synthesizes malanin.
Term
Membrane Potential
Definition
Essentially the same as electrical gradient, but does not refer to the gradient but the difference in charge specifically.
Term
Merkel Cell
Definition
Type of cell in the epidermis of hairless skin that makes contact with a merkel disc; which functions in touch.
Term
Merkel Disc
Definition
A saucer shaped free nerve endings that make contact with Merkel cells in the epidermis and function as touch receptors. Also called tactile disc.
Term
Mesenchyme
Definition
An embryonic connective tissue from which all other connective tissues rise.
Term
Mesenchyme
Definition
An embryonic connective tissue from which all other connective tissues arise.
Term
Mesoderm
Definition
The middle primary germ layer that gives rise to connective tissues, blood and blood vessels, and muscles.
Term
Mesothelium
Definition
The layer of simple squamous epithelium that lines serous membranes.
Term
Microvilli
Definition
Microscopic, finger-like projections of the plasma membranes of cells that increase surface area for absorption, especially in the small intestine and proximal convoluted tubules of the kidney.
Term
Mitochondrial Matrix
Definition
The fluid filled cavity center part of Mitochondria.
Term
Mucous Connective Tissue
Definition
AKA Wharton's Jelly, found in the umbilical cord of an embryo.
Term
Muscular Tissue
Definition
a tissue specialized to produce motion in response to muscle action potentials by its qualities of contractility, extensibility, elasticity, and excitability.
Term
Nail Matrix
Definition
The part of the nail beneath the body and root from which the nail is produced.
Term
Nucleolus (pl. nucleoli)
Definition
Spherical body within a cell nucleus composed of protein, DNA, and RNA that is the site of the assembly of small and large ribosomal subunits.
Term
Nucleosome
Definition
Structural subunit of a chromosome consisting of histones and DNA.
Term
Osseous Tissue
Definition
Bone
Term
Pacinian Corpuscles
Definition
Oval-shaped pressure receptor located in the dermis or subcutaneous tissue and consisting of concentric layers of a connective tissue wrapped around the dendrites of a sensory neuron. Also called a lamellated corpuscle.
Term
Parenchyma
Definition
substance, foundation, or framework of an organ, as opposed to its functional parts (stroma)
Term
Perichondrium
Definition
A covering of dense irregular connective tissue that surrounds the surface of most cartilage.
Term
Periderm
Definition
A superficial layer just above the stratum basale that protects it while an embryo forms.
Term
Peripheral Proteins
Definition
Proteins in the outer layer of the phospholipid bilayer.
Term
Peroxisome
Definition
Vesicle containing oxidases (oxidative enzymes) and catalase (decomposes hydrogen peroxide); new peroxisomes bud from preexisting ones.
Term
Plaque
Definition
a layer of dense proteins on the inside of a plasma membrane in adherens junctions and desmosomes.
Term
Polyribosome
Definition
Several ribosomes attached to the same mRNA.
Term
Proliferative Phase of Deep Wound Healing
Definition
Characterized by extensive growth of epithelial cells.
Term
Promoter
Definition
The segment of DNA Where RNA polymerase (what splits the DNA) attaches to the DNA.
Term
Proteasome
Definition
Tiny barrel-shaped structure that contains proteases (proteolytic enzymes). They destroy dysfunctional and unused proteins.
Term
Proteoglycans
Definition
a core protein with a glycosaminoglycan attached.
Term
Proteome
Definition
All of an organism's proteins.
Term
Receptor (2 defs)
Definition
1. A specialized cell or distal portion of a neuron that responds to a specific sensory modality, such as touch, pressure, cold, light, or sound, and converts it to a n electrical signal (generator or receptor potential) 2. A specific molecule or cluster of molecules that recognizes and binds a particular ligand.
Term
Remember the Fluid Mosaic Model
Definition
Remember the Fluid Mosaic Model
Term
Reticular Fibers
Definition
Collagen arranged in fine bundles with a coating of glycoprotein, and forms a network around the cells in some tissues.
Term
Skeletal muscle tissue
Definition
an organ specialized for contraction
Term
Small Nuclear Ribonucleoprotein (snRNP)
Definition
Pronounced "snurps" These are the splicers that snip introns out of mRNA and put the exons together.
Term
Smooth Muscle Tissue
Definition
Tissue specialized for contraction, located in the walls of hollow internal organs, and innervated by autonomic motor neurons.
Term
Spinosum Epidermal Stratum
Definition
Eight to ten rows of many-sided keratinocytes with bundles of tonofilaments; includes armlike processes of melanocytes and langerhans cells.
Term
Stroma (aka parenchyma)
Definition
The tissue that forms the ground substance, foundation, or framework of an organ, as opposed to its functional parts.
Term
Subcutaneous Layer (subQ) or Hypodermis
Definition
A continuous sheet of areolar connective tissue and adipose tissue between the dermis of the skin and the deep fascia of the muscles.
Term
Symporters
Definition
Move two substances in the same direction.
Term
Synapsis
Definition
The pairing of homologous chromosomes during prohpase I of meiosis.
Term
Synoviocytes
Definition
Cells that produce synovial Fluid.
Term
Telomere
Definition
Specific DNA sequences found at the end of chromosomes. Used to protect DNA from deterioration although it occurs eventually as part of aging.
Term
Terminal Hairs
Definition
Long, coarse, heavily pigmented hair.
Term
Tetrad
Definition
The four chromatids that result from synapsis.
Term
The 2 Sheaths of the Hair Follicle and what they make together.
Definition
Internal Root Sheath, External Root Sheath, Epithelial Root Sheath
Term
The 3 Parts of the Hair Root
Definition
Medulla(inner most), Cortex(mid), Cuticle (outer)
Term
The 3 Types of Muscle Tissue
Definition
Skeletal, Cardiac, Smooth
Term
The 4 Parts of an Osteon
Definition
Lamella-concentric ring of hard, calcified extracellular matrix found in compact bone.

Lacunae-a small hollow space where osteocytes lie

Canaliculus-small channel or canal, as in bones, where they connect lacunae.

Central Canal-A circular channel running longitudinally in the center of an osteon of mature compact bone.
Term
The 4 Parts of the Bulb of a Hair
Definition
Hair Matrix, Melanocyte, Papilla, Blood Vessels
Term
The 6 Functions of the Skin
Definition
Thermoregulation, Blood Reservoir, Protection, Cutaneous Sensations, Excretion and Absorption, and Vitamin D synthesis.
Term
The 5 types of Tissue Junctions
Definition
Tight Junctions-weblike strands of transmembrane proteins that fuse the outer surfaces of adjacent plasma membranes together to seal off passageways.

Adherens Junctions- Contain plaque, Cadherins join adjacent cells. Has adhesion belts.

Desmosomes- Just like cadherins, except the plaque does not attach to microfilaments, but rather intermediate filaments.

Hemidesmosomes- Just like desmosomes but do not link adjacent cells. Attaches to laminin on outside of cell with integrins instead of cadherins.

Gap Junctions- Have membrane proteins called connexins composed of connexons. Used for cell communication (cardiac tissue) and quick transportation between cells.
Term
The 6 Functions of Proteins Embedded in the Phospholipid Bilayer
Definition
Form Ion Channels, Work as Carriers, Receptors, Enzymes, Linkers, Identity Markers
Term
The Epidermal Strata
Definition
Basale, Spinosum, Granulosum, Lucidum, Corneum
Term
The Papillary Region
Definition
The superficial portion of the dermis (about one-fifth); consists of areolar connective tissue with thin collagen and fine elastic fibers; contains dermal ridges that house capillaries, Meissner corpuscles, and free nerve endings.
Term
The Reticular Region
Definition
The deeper portion of the dermis (about four fifths); consists of dense irregular connective tissue with bundles of thick collagen and some coarse elastic fibers. Spaces between fibers contain some adipose cells, hair follicles, nerves, sebaceous glands, and sudoriferous glands.
Term
The Three Types of Cartilage
Definition
Hyaline Cartilage- Glassy looking; contains a resilient gel as its ground substance. Weakest & most common

Fibro Cartilage- No perichondrium; strong and rigid, strongest type. Intervertebral Discs are Fibro Cartilage

Elastic Cartilage- perichondrium is present; maintains the shape of certain things such as the ear
Term
Three Stages of Hair Growth
Definition
Growth (anagen) Stage- Cells of the hair matrix divide (2 to 6 years)

Regression (catagen) Stage- hair growth stops/cells stop dividing & atrophies (2 to 3 weeks)

Resting (telogen) Stage- Rests for roughly 3 months before dying
Term
Three Types of Epithelial Layer Arrangements
Definition
Simple, Psuedostratified, Stratified
Term
Three primary embryonic germ layers
Definition
Ectoderm – Nervous system, epidermis of skin and derivatives.

Endoderm – GI tract, urinary bladder, urethra, and respiratory system.

Mesoderm – (Middle layer) connective tissue, blood and blood vessels, muscles
Term
Transmembrane Proteins
Definition
Span the entire lipid bilayer and protrude into both the cytosol and extracellular fluid.
Term
Vellus Hairs
Definition
"Peach Fuzz"
Term
Vernix Caseosa
Definition
The sloughed off peridermal cells that mix with a sebaceous gland mixture and hair to form a fatty substance that is slippery and helps with birth.
Term
What determines the degree of a burn?
Definition
1st- Epidermis Only
2nd- Blistering; Epidermis & Dermis
3rd- Dermis & Subcutaneous Layer
Term
Wound Dehiscence
Definition
Partial or complete separation of the outer layers of a sutured incision.
Term
rRNA
Definition
Ribosomal RNA joins with ribosomal proteins to make ribosomes.
Term
tRNA
Definition
Transfer RNA, binds to a specific amino acid until it is incorporated into a protein
Term
Neuroglia
Definition
Neural glue tissue
Term
Medial Cisterna
Definition
the middle part of Golgi Complex
Term
Autography
Definition
When cells eat/recycle their own organelles.
Term
Epithelial Tissue is
Definition
Avascular
Term
5 Types of Simple Glands
&
3 Types of Compound Glands

(by shape)
Definition
Simple Tubular, Simple Branched Tubular, Simple Coiled Tubular, Simple Acinar, Branched Acinar
&
Compound Tubular, Compound Acinar, Compound Tubuloacinar
Term
The 6 Connective Tissue Cell Types
Definition
Fibroblasts-Large flat cells with branching processes.

Adipocytes- Fat Cells

Mast Cells- Histamine producers found alongside blood vessels that supply connective tissue.

White Blood Cells

Macrophages- Develop from monocytes, a type of white blood cell. Fight bacteria by phagocytosis.

Plasma Cells- small cells that develop from a type of WBC called a B lymphocyte. Secrete antibodies.
Term
Meissner Corpuscles
Definition
Corpuscles of Touch
Term
Corpuscle
Definition
A tiny piece of anything.
Term
Vitiligo
Definition
Albinism in spots, may increase as in the case of Michael Jackson (supposedly)
Term
Apocrine Sweat Gland
Definition
Does not function til puberty, located at the armpits, where beards grow, pubic hair in general.
Term
Parietal Layer
Definition
The layer attached to the cavity wall in serous membranes.
Term
Visceral Layer
Definition
The layer attached to organs within a cavity in a serous membrane.
Term
Transcription
Definition
The genetic information represented by the sequence of base triplets in DNA serves as a template for copying the information into a complementary sequence.
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