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AP Psychology
Chapter 10: Thinking and Language
36
Psychology
12th Grade
05/10/2009

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Term
mental set
Definition
a tendency to approach a problem in a particular way, often a way that hs been successful in the past.
Term
semantics
Definition
the set of ruels by which we derive meaning from morphems, words, and sentences in a given language; also, the study of meaning.
Term
belief perserverance
Definition
clinging to one's initial conceptions after the basis of which they were formed has been discredited.
Term
algorithm
Definition
a methodically logical rule or procedure that guarantees solving a particular problem; contrasts with the usually speedier--but also more error-prone--use of heuristics.
Term
cognition
Definition
the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating.
Term
functional fixedness
Definition
the tendency to think of things only in terms of their usual functions; an impediment to problem solving.
Term
morpheme
Definition
in a language, the smallest unit that carries meaning; may be a word or a part of a word (such as a prefix).
Term
critical period
Definition
the time for mastering certian aspects of language during childhood.
Term
two-word stage
Definition
begining at about age 2, the stage of development during which a child speaks two-word statements.
Term
heuristic
Definition
a simple thinking strategy that often allows us to make judgements and solve problems efficiently; usually speedier, but also more error-prone than algorithms.
Term
fixation
Definition
the inability to see a problem from a new perspective; an impediment to problem solving.
Term
telegraphic speech
Definition
early speech stage in which a child speaks like a telegram--for example,"go car"--using mostly nouns and verbs and ommitting auxillary words.
Term
language
Definition
our spoken, written, or signed words and the ways we combine them to communicate meaning.
Term
framing
Definition
the way an issue is posed; can significantly affect decisions and judgements.
Term
deep structure
Definition
the underlying meaning of phonemes, morphemes, words, and sentences in a language.
Term
belief bias
Definition
the tendency for one's preexisting beliefs to distort logical reasoning, sometimes by making invalid conclusions seem valid, or conclusions seem invalid.
Term
overconfidence
Definition
the tendency to be more confident than correct--to overestimate the accuracy of one's beliefs and judgements.
Term
insight
Definition
a suddent and often novel realization of the solution to a problem; it contrasts with strategy-based solutions.
Term
syntax
Definition
the rules for combining words into gramatically sensible sentences in a given language.
Term
phoneme
Definition
in a language, the smallest distinctive sound unit.
Term
prototype
Definition
a mental image or best example of a category; matching new items to this provides a quick and easy method for including items in a category (as when comparing featured creatures to a typical bird, such as a robin).
Term
babbling stage
Definition
begining at about 4 months, the stage of speech development in which the infant spontaneously utters various sounds at first unrelated to household language.
Term
consanant-vowel pairs
Definition
these form many natural babbling sounds.
Term
receptive language
Definition
a child's ability to comprehend speech, begining by 4 months of age.
Term
grammar
Definition
in a language, a system of rules that enables us to communicate with and understand others.
Term
language acquisition device
Definition
theoritical biological predisposition in humans in which language switches are thrown as children experience their language; this theory contests that all human languages have a universal grammar (nouns, verbs, adjectives, etc.)
Term
productive language
Definition
a child's ability to produce words.
Term
surface structure
Definition
specific phonemes, morphems, phrases, and sentences in a language.
Term
universal grammar
Definition
the theoretical "building blocks" of all human languages.
Term
concept
Definition
a mental grouping of similar objects, events, ideas, or people.
Term
confirmation bias
Definition
the tendency to seatch for information that confirms one's preconceptions.
Term
one-word stage
Definition
the stage in speech development from about age 1 to 2, during which a child speaks in single words.
Term
linguistic determinism
Definition
Whorf's hypothesis that language determines the way we think.
Term
availability heuristic
Definition
estimating the likelihood of events based on their availability in memory; if instances cane readily to mind (perhaps because of their vividness), we presume such events are common.
Term
representative heuristic
Definition
judging the likelihood of things in terms of how well they seem to represent, or match, particular prototypes; may lead one to ignore other relevant information.
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