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| the tendency to believe, after learning an outcome, that one would have foreseen it; the knew-it-all-along phenomenon |
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| the condition of an experiment that exposes participants to the treatment |
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| experimental results cause by expectations alone - no actual treatment given |
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| an experimental procedure in which both the research participants and the researcher are ignorant about whether the participants have received the treatment or the placebo |
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| a research method in which an investigator manipulates one or more factors (independent variables) to observe the effect on some behavior or mental process (dependent variable) |
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| a perception of a relationship where none exists |
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| a graphed cluster of dots, each of which represents the values or two variables; the slope suggests the direction of the relationship; the amount of variation indicates the strength of the correlation |
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| a measure of the extent to which two factors vary together, and thus of how well either factor predicts the other |
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| observing and recording behavior in naturally occurring situations w/o trying to manipulate and control the situation |
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| a sample that fairly represents a population because each member has an equal chance of inclusion |
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| all the cases in a group, form which samples may be drawn for a study |
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| the tendency to overestimate the extent to which other share our beliefs and behaviors |
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| a technique for ascertaining the self reported attitudes or behaviors of people, usually by questioning a representative random sample |
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| an observation technique in which one person is studied in depth in the hope of revealing universal principles |
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| repeating the essence of a research study, usually w/ different participants in different situations, to see whether the basic finding extends to other participants and circumstances |
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a statement of the procedures (operations) used to define research variables
ex. human intelligence is what an intelligence test measures |
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| a testable prediction, often implied by a theory |
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| an explanation using an integrated set of principles that organizes and predicts observations |
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| thinking that does not blindly accept arguments and conclusions; examines assumptions, discerns hidden values, evaluates evidence, and assesses conclusions |
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| the condition of an experiment that contrasts with the experimental condition and serves as a comparison for evaluating the effect of the treatment |
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| assigning participants to experimental and control conditions by chance, thus minimizing preexisting differences between those assigned to the different groups |
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| the experimental factor that is manipulated; the variable whose effect is being studied |
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| the outcome factor; the variable that may change in response to manipulations of the independent variable |
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| the most frequently occurring score(s) in a distribution |
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| the arithmetic average of a distribution, obtained by adding the scores and the dividing by the number of scores |
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| the middle score in a distribution; half the scores are above it and half are below |
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| the difference between the highest and lowest scores in a distribution |
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| a computed measure of how much scores vary around the mean score |
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| a statistical statement of how likely it is that an obtained result occurred by chance |
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| the enduring behaviors, ideas, attitudes, and traditions shared by a large group of people and transmitted from one generation to the next |
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