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AP Psy. Chapter 9
Flashcards for Chapter 9 in Mrs. Scott's AP Psychology class
82
Psychology
11th Grade
12/02/2012

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Term
What is developmental psychology?
Definition
the psychological specialty that studies how organisms change over time as the result of biological and environmental influences
Term
What is the Nature-nurture issue?
Definition
the longstanding discussion over the relative importance of nature and nurture in their influence on behavoir and mental processes
Term
What is nature in the nature-nurture issue?
Definition
heredity
Term
What is nurture in the nature-nurture issue?
Definition
environment
Term
What is interaction?
Definition
process by which forces work together or influence each other-as in the interaction between the forces of heredity and environment
Term
What are identical twins?
Definition
pair who started life as a single fertilized egg, which later split into two distinct individuals
Term
What is the relationship between identical twins?
Definition
they have the same exact genes
Term
What are fraternal twins?
Definition
pair who started life as two separate fertilized eggs that happened to share the same womb
Term
What is the relationship between fraternal twins?
Definition
on average, they have ab out 50% of their genetic material in common
Term
What is the continuity view?
Definition
the perspecitive that development is gradual and continuous
Term
What is the discontinuity view?
Definition
the perspective that development proceeds in an uneven (discontinuous) fashion
Term
What are developmental stages?
Definition
periods of life initiated by significant transitions or changes in physical or psychological functioning
Term
What is the prenatal period?
Definition
the developmental period before birth
Term
What is a zygote?
Definition
a fertilized egg
Term
What is an embryo?
Definition
in humans, the name for the developing organisms during the first eight weeks after conception
Term
What is the placenta?
Definition
the organ interface between the embryo or fetus and the mother
Term
What does the placenta do?
Definition
separates the bloodstreams, but allows the exchange of nutrients and waste products
Term
What are Teratogens?
Definition
substances from the environment, including viruses, drugs, and other chemicals, that can damage the developing organism during the prenatal period
Term
What is the neonatal period?
Definition
in humans, it is the newborn period that extends through the first month of birth
Term
What is infancy in humans?
Definition
spans the time between the end of the neonatal period and the establishment of language
Term
When is infancy in humans?
Definition
from about 18 months to 2 years
Term
What does the placenta try to do?
Definition
prevent teratogens
Term
What are the most common types of teratogens?
Definition
nicotine and alcohol
Term
What does the effect of teratogens depend on?
Definition
type
amount of exposure
stage of prenatal development
Term
What is a major disease caused by the teratogen alcohol?
Definition
Fetal alcohol Syndrome
Term
What is attachment?
Definition
the enduring social-emotional relationship between a child and a parent or other regular caregiver
Term
What is imprinting?
Definition
a primitive form of learning in which some young animals follow and form an attachment to the first moving object they see and hear
Term
What is contact comfort?
Definition
stimulation and reasurance derived from the physical touch of a caregiver
Term
What is maturation?
Definition
the process by which the genetic program manifests itself over time
Term
What are schemas?
Definition
in Piaget's theory, mental structures or programs that guide a developing child's thought
Term
What is assimilation?
Definition
a mental process that modifies new information to fit it into existing schemes
Term
What is accommodation?
Definition
mental process that restructures existing schemas so that new information is better understood
Term
What is the sensorimotor stage?
Definition
the first stage in Piaget's theory, during which the child relies heavily on innate motor responses to stimuli
Term
What is mental representation?
Definition
the ability to form internal images of objects and events
Term
What is object permanence?
Definition
the knowledge that objects exist independently of one's own actions or awareness
Term
What is preoperational stage?
Definition
the second stage in Piaget's theory, marked by well-developed mental representation and the use of language
Term
What is Egocentrism?
Definition
in Piaget's theory, the self-centered inability to realize that there are other viewpoints beside one's own
Term
What is Animistic Thinking?
Definition
a preoperational mode of though in which inanimate objects are imagined to have life and mental processes
Term
What is Centration?
Definition
a preoperational thought pattern involving the inability to take into account more than one factor at a time
Term
What is Irreversibility?
Definition
the inability, in the preoperational child, to think through a series of events or mental operations and then mentally reverse the steps
Term
What is the concrete operational stage?
Definition
the third stage of Piaget's stages, when a child understands conservation but still is incapable of abstract thought
Term
What is conservation?
Definition
the understanding that the physical properties of an object or substance do not change when appearances change but nothing is added or taken away
Term
What is mental operations?
Definition
solving problems by manipulating images in one's mind
Term
What is the theory of mind?
Definition
an awareness that other people's behavior may be influenced by beliefs, desires, and emotions that differ from one's own
Term
What is temperament?
Definition
an individual's characteristic manner of behavior or reaction-assumed to have a strong genetic basis
Term
What is the Zone of proximal development?
Definition
the difference between what a child can do with help and what the child can do without any help or guidance
Term
What are Psychosocial stages?
Definition
in Erikson's theory, the developmental stages refer to 8 major challenges that appear successivelly across the lifespan, which require an individual to rethink his or her goals and relationships with others
Term
What is Adolescencez?
Definition
in industrial societies, a developmental period beginning at puberty and ending(less clearly) at adulthood
Term
What are Rites of Passage?
Definition
Social rituals that mark the transition between developmental stages, especially between childhood and adulthood
Term
What is puberty?
Definition
the onset of sexual maturity
Term
What are primary sex characteristics?
Definition
the sex organs and genitals
Term
What are seccondary sex characteristics?
Definition
Gender-realted features that develop during puberty
Term
What are some signs of puberty in females?
Definition
widened hips, enlarged breasts, and pubic hair
Term
What are some signs of puberty in males?
Definition
facial hair, deepening voice, and pubic hair
Term
What is the formal operational stage?
Definition
the last of Piaget's stage during which abstract thought appears
Term
What is generativity?
Definition
In Erikson's theory, a process of making a commitment beyond oneself to family, work, society, or future generations
Term
What is Alzheimer's disease?
Definition
a degenerative brain disease usuallly noticed first by its debilitating effects on memory
Term
What is Selective Social Interaction?
Definition
Choosing to restrict the number of one's social contracts to those who are the most gratifying
Term
What is denial?
Definition
refusing to believe the individual is sick
Term
What is Anger?
Definition
Patient displays anger that they are sick, "why me!"
Term
What is Bargaining?
Definition
making a deal, in return for a cure, they will fulfill promises
Term
What is Depression?
Definition
Generally depressed affect includes sleep, loss of appetite, etc.
Term
What is Acceptance?
Definition
Patient realizes death is inevitab le and accepts fate
Term
What was Konrad Lorenz related to?
Definition
imprinting
Term
Who studied various forms of attachment?
Definition
Mary Ainsworth
Term
What are the two types of atttachment?
Definition
secure and insecure
Term
What did Harry and Margaret Harlow believe?
Definition
that attachment involves physical contact
Term
What did the Harlows use to test their theory?
Definition
baby monkeys
Term
What was the main focus of Piaget's theory?
Definition
cognitive development
Term
According to Piaget, what are the 4 stages of cognitive growth?
Definition
1. Sensorimotor stage
2. Preoperational stage
3. Concrete operational stage
4. Formal operational stageW
Term
What did Jerome Kagan study?
Definition
temperament in children
Term
Who is related to the zone of proximal development in children?
Definition
Lev Vygotsky
Term
What are the 4 types of parents?
Definition
1. Authoritarian
2. Authoritative
3. Permissive
4. Uninvolved
Term
What is the difference between Authoritarian parents and Authoritative parents?
Definition
Authoritarian demand conformity and obedience and don't tolerate discussion of rules
Authoritative parents combine high standards with warmth and respect for the child's views and are willing to listen to a child's ideas
Term
What are permissive parents?
Definition
parents that set few rules and allow children to make their own decisions
Term
What are uninvolved parents?
Definition
tend to be either indifferent or rejeting and usually have little time or energy for their children
Term
Who said that problems can generate predictable personality changes across the lifespan of a person?
Definition
Erik Erikson
Term
What seems to be the thread linking delinquent males and teenage pregnancies out of wedlock?
Definition
a lack of a father
Term
What did Kohlberg research?
Definition
the process of morals
Term
What are 7 areas in which people often age?
Definition
1. Vision
2. Hearing
3. Thinking, learning, and problem solving
4. Memory
5. Sexual functioning
6. Social interaction
7. Emotions
Term
What did Elisabeth Kubler-Ross contribute to the study of aging?
Definition
the five stages of death and dying
Term
What are the five stages of death and dying?
Definition
Denial, anger, bargaining, depression, and acceptance
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