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AP Psych 2
Final
132
Psychology
11th Grade
05/09/2013

Additional Psychology Flashcards

 


 

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Term
developmental psychology
Definition
a branch of psychology that studies physical, cognitive, and social change throughout the life span
Term
zygote
Definition
the fertilized egg; it enters a 2-week period of rapid cell division and develops into an embryo
Term
embryo
Definition
the developing human organism from 2 weeks after fertilization through the second month
Term
fetus
Definition
the developing human organism from 9 weeks after conception to birth
Term
teratogens
Definition
agents, such as chemicals and viruses, that canreach the embryo or fetus during prenatal development and cause harm
Term
fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS)
Definition
physical and cognitive abnormalities in children caused by a pregnant woman's heavy drinking. In severe cases
Term
maturation
Definition
biological growth processes that enable orderly changes in behavior, relatively uninfluenced by experience
Term
assimilation
Definition
interpreting our new experiences in terms of our existing schemas
Term
accomodation
Definition
adapting our current understandings (schemas) to incorporate new information
Term
sensorimotor stage
Definition
in Piaget's theory, the stage (from birth to about 2 years of age) during which infants know the world mostly in terms of their sensory impressions and motor activities
Term
object permanence
Definition
the awareness that things continue to exist even when not perceived
Term
preoperational stage
Definition
in Piaget's theory - the stage (from 2 to about 6 or 7 years of age) during which a child learns to use language but does not yet comprehend the mental operations of concrete logic
Term
conservation
Definition
properties such as mass, volume, and number remain the same despite changes in the forms of objects
Term
egocentrism
Definition
in Piaget's theory, the preoperational child's difficulty taking another's point of view
Term
concrete operational stage
Definition
during which children gain the mental operations that enable them to think logically about concrete events
Term
formal operational stage
Definition
during which people begin to think logically about abstract concepts
Term
attachment
Definition
an emotional tie with another person; shown in young children by their seeking closeness to the caregiver and showing distress on separation
Term
critical period
Definition
an optimal period shortly after birth when an organism's exposure to certain stimuli or experiences produces proper development
Term
imprinting
Definition
the process by which certain animals form attachments during a critical period very early in life
Term
gender role
Definition
a set of expected behaviors for males or for females
Term
puberty
Definition
the period of sexual maturation, during which a person becomes capable of reproducing
Term
longitudinal study
Definition
research in which the same people are restudied and retested over a long period
Term
basic trust
Definition
a sense that the world is predictable and trustworthy;
Term
gender
Definition
our sense of being male or female
Term
menopause
Definition
the time of natural cessation of menstruation; also refers to the biological changes a woman experiences as her ability to reproduce declines
Term
menarche
Definition
the first menstrual period
Term
primary sex characteristics
Definition
the body structures (ovaries, testes, and external genitalia) that make sexual reproduction possible
Term
secondary sex characteristics
Definition
nonreproductive sexual characteristics, such as female breasts and hips, male voice quality, and body hair
Term
cross-sectional study
Definition
a study in which people of different ages are compared with one another
Term
internal locus of control
Definition
the perception that you control your own fate.
Term
external locus of control
Definition
the perception that chance or outside forces beyond your personal control determine your fate.
Term
unconditional positive regard
Definition
a caring, accepting, nonjudgmental attitude, which Carl Rogers believed would help clients to develop self-awareness and self-acceptance
Term
projective test
Definition
a personality test, such as the Rorschach or TAT, that provides ambiguous stimuli designed to trigger projection of one's inner dynamics.
Term
collective unconscious
Definition
Carl Jung's concept of a shared, inherited reservoir of memory traces from our species' history.
Term
reaction formation
Definition
the ego unconsciously switches unacceptable impulses into their opposites.
Term
regression
Definition
individual faced with anxiety retreats to a more infantile psychosexual stage, where some psychic energy remains fixated.
Term
repression
Definition
the basic defense mechanism that banishes anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories from consciousness.
Term
defense mechanisms
Definition
the ego's protective methods of reducing anxiety by unconsciously distorting reality.
Term
fixation
Definition
a lingering focus of pleasure-seeking energies at an earlier psychosexual stage, in which conflicts were unresolved
Term
Oedipus
Definition
a boy's sexual desires toward his mother and feelings of jealousy and hatred for the rival father.
Term
unconscious
Definition
mostly unacceptable thoughts, wishes, feelings, and memories
Term
superego
Definition
the part of personality that, according to Freud, represents internalized ideals and provides standards for judgment (the conscience) and for future aspirations.
Term
ego
Definition
Mediates among the demands of the id, superego, and reality. The ego operates on the reality principle, satisfying the id's desires in ways that will realistically bring pleasure rather than pain.
Term
id
Definition
a reservoir of unconscious psychic energy that, according to Freud, strives to satisfy basic sexual and aggressive drives. The id operates on the pleasure principle, demanding immediate gratification.
Term
psychoanalysis
Definition
Freud's theory of personality and therapeutic technique that attributes thoughts and actions to unconscious motives and conflicts.
Term
personality
Definition
an individual's characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting.
Term
self-actualization
Definition
one of the ultimate psychological needs that arises after basic physical and psychological needs are met and self-esteem is achieved
Term
projection
Definition
psychoanalytic defense mechanism by which people disguise their own threatening impulses by attributing them to others.
Term
psychosexual stages
Definition
the childhood stages of development (oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital) during which, according to Freud, the id's pleasure-seeking energies focus on distinct erogenous zones.
Term
free association
Definition
a method of exploring the unconscious in which the person relaxes and says whatever comes to mind, no matter how trivial or embarrassing.
Term
trait
Definition
a characteristic pattern of behavior or a disposition to feel and act, as assessed by self-report inventories and peer reports.
Term
intelligence test
Definition
a method for assessing an individual's mental aptitudes and comparing them with those of others, using numerical scores.
Term
intelligence
Definition
mental quality consisting of the ability to learn from experience, solve problems, and use knowledge to adapt to new situations.
Term
standardization
Definition
defining meaningful scores by comparison with the performance of a pretested group.
Term
achievement tests
Definition
tests designed to assess what a person has learned.
Term
aptitude tests
Definition
tests designed to predict a person's future performance; aptitude is the capacity to learn.
Term
emotional intelligence
Definition
the ability to perceive, understand, manage, and use emotions.
Term
Stanford-Binet
Definition
the widely used American revision (by Terman at Stanford University) of Binet's original intelligence test.
Term
Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS)
Definition
contains verbal and performance (nonverbal) subtests.
Term
normal curve
Definition
a symmetrical, bell-shaped curve that describes the distribution of many types of data
Term
self-efficacy
Definition
belief in our own competence to master the environment and reach personal goals.
Term
factor analysis
Definition
a statistical procedure that identifies clusters of related items (called factors) on a test
Term
mental age
Definition
the chronological age that most typically corresponds to a given level of performance.
Term
Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)
Definition
psychological disorder marked by the appearance by afe 7 of one or more of three key symptoms: extreme inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity.
Term
DSM-IV-TR
Definition
a widely used system for classifying psychological disorders.
Term
Anxiety Disorders
Definition
psychological disorders characterized by distressing, persistent anxiety or maladaptive behaviors that reduce anxiety.
Term
panic disorder
Definition
anxiety disorder marked by unpredictable minutes-long episode of intense dread in which a person experiences terror and accompanying chest pain, choking, or other frightening sensations.
Term
Phobia
Definition
anxiety disorder marked by a persistent, irrational fear and avoidance of a specific object, activity, or situation.
Term
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD)
Definition
an anxiety disorder characterized by unwanted repetitive thoughts (obsessions) and/or actions (compulsions).
Term
Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)
Definition
psychological stress disorder charcterized by episodes of anxiety, sleeplessness, and nightmares resulting from some disturbing event in the past
Term
Somatoform Disorder
Definition
disorder characterized by physical symptoms for which no known physical cause exists
Term
Conversion Disorder
Definition
a mental disorder characterized by the conversion of mental conflict into somatic forms
Term
Hypochondria
Definition
somatoform disorder characterized by excessive preoccupation with health concerns and incessant worry about developing physical illnesses.
Term
Dissociative Disorders
Definition
disorders in which conscious awareness becomes separated from previous memories, thoughts, and feelings
Term
Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID)
Definition
a rare dissociative disorder in which a person exhibits two or more distinct and alternating personalities
Term
Mood disorders
Definition
psychological disorders characterized by emotional extremes
Term
Major depressive disorder
Definition
mood disorder where a person experiences, in the absence of drugs or a medical condition, two or more weeks of significantly depressed moods, feelings of worthlessness, and diminished interest or pleasure in most activities
Term
Mania
Definition
mood disorder marked by a hyperactive, wildly optimistic state
Term
Bipolar disorder
Definition
mood disorder in which a person fluctuates between the hopelessness and lethargy of depression and the hyperactivity of mania
Term
Schizophrenia
Definition
group of severe disorders characterized by disorganized or delusional thinking, disturbed perceptions, and inappropriate emotions and actions
Term
Delusions
Definition
false beliefs, often of persecution or grandeur, that may accompany psychotic disorders
Term
Personality disorders
Definition
psychological disorders characterized by inflexible and enduring behavior patterns that impair social functioning
Term
Antisocial personality disorder
Definition
personality disorder in which a person exhibits a lack of conscience for wrongdoing, even towards friends and family. Such a person could be aggressive and ruthless or a con artist
Term
Hallucination
Definition
false sensory experiences, such as seeing something in the absence of an external visual stimulus
Term
dissociative fugue
Definition
dissociative disorder involving sudden loss of memory and the assumption of a new identity in a new location
Term
dissociative amnesia
Definition
dissociative disorder characterized by the sudden and extensive inability to recall important personal information, usually of a traumatic or stressful nature
Term
catatonic schizophrenia
Definition
type of schizophrenia marked by striking motor disturbances, ranging from muscular rigidity to random motor activity
Term
paranoid schizophrenia
Definition
type of schizophrenia that is dominated by delusions of persecution along with delusions of grandeur
Term
disorganized schizophrenia
Definition
type of schizophrenia characterized by severely disturbed thought processes, frequent incoherence, disorganized behavior, and inappropriate affect
Term
generalized anxiety
Definition
a person is continually tense, apprehensive, and in a state of autonomic nervous system arousal
Term
lobotomy
Definition
psychosurgical procedure once used to calm uncontrollably emotional or violent patients.
Term
psychosurgery
Definition
medical procedure that removes or destroys brain tissue in an effort to change behavior.
Term
(electroconvulsive therapy) ECT
Definition
biomedical therapy for severely depressed patients in which a brief electric current is sent through the brain of an anesthetized patient.
Term
lithium
Definition
used to treat schizophrenic patients
Term
transference
Definition
the patient's transfer to the analyst of emotions linked with other relationships
Term
client-centered therapy
Definition
the therapist uses techniques such as active listening within a genuine, accepting, empathic environment to facilitate clients' growth.
Term
systematic desensitization
Definition
type of exposure therapy that associates a pleasant relaxed state with gradually increasing anxiety-triggering stimuli
Term
flooding
Definition
treatment for phobias in which clients are exposed repeatedly and intensively to a feared object and made to see that it is actually harmless
Term
aversive conditioning
Definition
type of counterconditioning that associates an unpleasant state with an unwanted behavior
Term
psychiatrists
Definition
can write prescriptions
Term
token economy
Definition
people earn a token of some sort for exhibiting a desired behavior and can later exchange the tokens for various privileges or treats
Term
active listening
Definition
empathic listening in which the listener echoes, restates, and clarifies
Term
eclectic approach
Definition
uses techniques from various forms of therapy
Term
bystander effect
Definition
endency for any given bystander to be less likely to give aid if other bystanders are present
Term
altruism
Definition
unselfish regard for the welfare of others
Term
mere exposure effect
Definition
tendency for liking to increase with the frequency of exposure
Term
just-world phenomenon
Definition
tendency for people to believe the world is just and that people therefore get what they deserve and deserve what they get
Term
other race effect
Definition
tendency to recall faces of one's own race more accurately than faces of other races
Term
scapegoat theory
Definition
theory that prejudice offers an outlet for anger by providing someone to blame
Term
in-group bias
Definition
tendency to favor one's own group
Term
discrimination
Definition
unjustifiable negative behavior toward a group and its members
Term
stereotype
Definition
generalized belief about a group of people
Term
prejudice
Definition
unjustifiable attitude toward a group and its members
Term
race
Definition
classification of people based on physical and biological characteristics such as the color of skin, hair, and eyes
Term
ethnocentrism
Definition
thinking your ethnicity is the best
Term
individualism
Definition
when feeling pressured many people may react by doing the opposite of what is expected
Term
norms
Definition
an understood rule for accepted and expected behavior
Term
culture
Definition
behaviors, ideas, attitudes, values, and traditions shared by a group of people transmitted from one generation to the next
Term
groupthink
Definition
occurs when the desire for harmony in a decision making group overrides a realistic appraisal of alternatives
Term
group polarization
Definition
enhancement of a groups prevailing attitudes through discussion within the group
Term
deindividuation
Definition
loss of self awareness and self restraint occurring in group situations that foster arousal and anonymity
Term
social loafing
Definition
tendency for people in a group to exert less effort when pooling their efforts towards attaining a common goal than when individually accountable
Term
social facilitation
Definition
improved performance of tasks in the presence of others
Term
obedience
Definition
listening to authority
Term
conformity
Definition
adjusting one's behavior or thinking to coincide with a group standard
Term
foot-in-door phenomenon
Definition
tendency for people who have first agreed to a small request to comply later to a larger request
Term
self-serving bias
Definition
tendency to view one's successes as stemming from internal factors and one's failures as stemming from external factors
Term
fundamental attribution error
Definition
tendency for observers, when analyzing others behavior, to underestimate the impact of the situation and to overestimate the impact of personality
Term
aggression
Definition
any physical or verbal behavior intended to hurt or destroy
Term
equity
Definition
condition in which people receive from a relationship in proportion to what they give to it
Term
self-fulfilling prophecies
Definition
events that happen as the result of being foretold, expected, or talked about
Term
social traps
Definition
situation in which the conflicting parties by each rationally pursuing their self-interest became caught in destructive behavior
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