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AP Psych Chapter 5
All Terms in the book
45
Psychology
11th Grade
01/20/2011

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Term
Middle Ear
Definition
The chamber between the eardrum and cochlea that contains the anvil, stirrup, and hammer. They concentrate the vibrations on the eardrum towards the cochlea.
Term
Lens
Definition
The transparent structure behind the pupil that changes shape to help focus images on the retina.
Term
Kinesthesis
Definition
The system for sensing the position and movement of body parts.
Term
Iris
Definition
A ring of muscle tissue that forms the colored portion of the eye around the pupil and controls the pupil's opening.
Term
Intensity
Definition
The amount of energy in a light or sound wave, which we perceive as brightness or loudness.
Term
Inner Ear
Definition
The innermost part of the ear,  containing the cochlea, semicircular canals, and vestibular sacs. 
Term
Hue
Definition
The dimension of color that is determined by the wavelength of light.
Term
Gate-control theory
Definition

The theory that the spinal cord contains a type of neurological "gate" which opens and closes to either allow or block pain signals to travel to the brain.



Term
Frequency Theory
Definition
This theory of how we hear sounds states that there are pulses that travel up the auditory nerve, carrying the information about sound to the brain for processing, and that the rate of this pulse matched the frequency of whatever tone you are hearing exactly. We thus hear the tone because the pulse traveling up the auditory nerve matches the actual tone. Essentially, we are getting a copy of the real sound.
Term
Frequency
Definition
The number of complete wavelengths that pass a point in a given time.
Term
Fovea
Definition
The focal point in the retina, where all the cones cluster.
Term
Feature detectors
Definition
These neurons in the brain are able to detect certain types of stimuli, like movements, shape, and angles, Without these, it would be difficult, if not impossible, to detect a round object, like a baseball, hurdling toward you at 90 miles per hour.
Term
Difference Threshold
Definition
Also known as the just noticeable difference (jnd), it is the minimum difference in stimulation that a person can detect 50 percent of the time.
Term
Cones
Definition
Retinal receptor cells in the fovea that detect color and work well in daylight situations.
Term
Color constancy 
Definition
Perceiving familiar objects as having consistent color.
Term
Cochlear Implant
Definition
A device that converts sounds into electric signals, helps with hearing.
Term
Cochlea
Definition
A coiled tube in the inner ear through which soundwaves trigger neural impulses. The main part of the inner ear.
Term
Bottom-up processing
Definition
Analysis that begins with no prior knowledge of a subject. Begins with the sensory receptors and then works up to the brain's integration of sensory information to form a schema.
Term
Blind spot
Definition
The point where the optic nerve leaves the eye, and we can't see. No receptor cells are there.
Term
Audition
Definition
The act of hearing.
Term
Acuity
Definition
The sharpness of vision.
Term
Accomodation
Definition
The process by which the eye's lens changes shape to focus on an object far away.
Term
Absolute threshold
Definition
The minimum stimulation needed to detect a particular stimulus 50% of the time.
Term
Trichromatic Theory
Definition
The theory of color that states that the retina contains three color receptors: one for red, blue, green, which together form all of the other colors we see.
Term
Weber's law
Definition
The principle that, to be perceived as different, two stimuli must differ by a constant minimum percentage.

For example, if you are buying a new computer that costs $1,000 and you want to add more memory that increases the and the price $200 (a 20% increase), you might consider this too much additional money to spend. However, if you were buying a $300,000 house a $200 feature may seem like nothing. It might take an additional $10,000 to make you stop and think if it's too much to spend. In this example, the amount stays the same ($200), but the proportion changes and that's what makes the perceptual difference.
Term
Wavelength
Definition
The distance from one soundwave or light peak to another.
Term
Vestibular Sense
Definition
The sense of body movement and position, and most importantly of balance.
Term
Transduction
Definition
Conversion of one form of energy to another.
Term
Top-down processing
Definition
Information processing that is first influenced by our experience and expectations.
Term
Subliminal
Definition
Below one's absolute threshold for constant awareness.
Term
Signal-detection theory
Definition
A theory that says that the detection of a stimulus depends on both the intensity of the stimulus and the physical and psychological state of the individual. Your ability or likelihood to detect some stimulus is affected by the intensity of the stimulus (e.g., how loud a noise is) and your physical and psychological state (e.g., how alert you are).
Term
Sensory interaction
Definition
The principle that one sense may influence or interfere with another.
Term
Sensory adaptation
Definition
Diminished sensitivity as a consequence of constant stimulation. For example, when one smells an obnoxious dose of perfume or anything, but the smell eventually fades from your care because it has been so constant and is no longer something new.
Term
Sensation
Definition
The process where our sensory receptors receive information (stimulus) from the outside environment.
Term
Rods
Definition
Retinal receptors that detect black and white and work best at night.
Term
Retina
Definition
The light-sensitive inner surface of our eye, the area in back of the eye that contains your rods and cones. Visual info processed here.
Term
Pupil
Definition
The adjustable opening in the center of the eye where light enters.
Term
Priming
Definition
The activation of certain associations with other things. Often unconsciously done. Our responses are then predisposed.
Term
Place theory
Definition
In hearing, the theory that we can link the pitch we hear with where the sound hints on the cochlear membrane.
Term
Pitch
Definition
A tone's highs and lows, depending on frequency.
Term
Perception
Definition
The process of organizing and interpreting our stimuli.
Term
Parallel processing
Definition
The processing of several aspects of a problem simultaneously.
Term
Optic nerve
Definition
The nerve that carries neural impulses from the eye to the brain.
Term
Opponent-process theory
Definition
The theory that opposing processes (red-green, yellow-blue, white-black) combine to form our colors in our sight.
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