Shared Flashcard Set

Details

AP Euro: 19 18th c. Expansion
The Expansion of Europe in the 18th Century
67
History
10th Grade
11/28/2011

Additional History Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
How did the Industrious Revolution impact women in a new cash-based economy?
Definition
Mixed impact:
-allowed to work, but for very low wages
-greater role in household decision making
G
Term
How did the War of Spanish Succession (1701-1713) and the following Peace of Utrecht impact the English and French colonial rivalry?
Definition
France has to cede Newfoundland, Nova Scotia, Hudson Bay to England
Britain gets control of the asiento (slave trade) and gets one trade ship to Panama per year from Spain
Term
How did the English attempt to throw off the Dutch stronghold on trade in the 17th c.?
Definition
Navigation Acts (1651)- weaken Dutch monopoly on shipping
Anglo-Dutch Wars (1652-1674)
-New Amsterdam becomes New York, 1664
Term
What was the resolution of the enclosure debate until the early 19th century?
Definition
open and enclosed fields coexisting
Term
What political changes in Spain led to colonial revival in the 18th c.?
Definition
Philip V and ministers' reforms (new Bourbon dynasty)
Term
What territories did Spain gain in 1763?
Definition
Louisiana- extended influence all the way to California
Term
What were direct effects of the technological changes of the Agricultural Revolution? (3)
Definition
1) More human food
2) More animal feed = more animals = better human diet
3) Enclosure- demands for change
Term
Which countries were most influential in European expansion with respect to world trade?
Definition
Netherlands, France, especially Great Britain
Term
In the 16th century, the population _____. In the 17th century, the population ______.
Definition
increased, decreased
Term
What were the new social groups after the Spanish revival?
Definition
Creoles (20%)- landowning "nobility"
Mestizos (30%)- middle-class, looked to become Creoles
Indians
African Slaves
Term
What three factors influenced Spanish economic revival?
Definition
1) Spanish silver mining
2) Growth of food production
3) Markets for Spanish goods
Term
How did the War of Austrian Succession (1740-1748) impact the English and French colonial rivalry?
Definition
No change- set the stage for 7 years war
Term
When was the high point of the urban guilds?
Definition
17th and 18th c.
Term
What led to a 16th c. decline in living standards? (2)
Definition
1) Population outstrips food supply
2) Inflation- silver
Term
Until 1700, the population of Europe followed a _____ pattern.
Definition
irregular, cyclical
Term
Conditions were particularly hard for what group of textile workers?
Definition
women
Term
What were reasons for the 18th c. decline in mortality? (5)
Definition
1) Plague disappears (1722, Marseilles)
2) Smallpox inoculation
3) Public health measures (water/sewer improvements, marsh drainage)
4) Transportation advances- less famine
5) New foods- the potato!
Term
The expansion of the 18th c. paved the way for ______, one of the "most influential developments in history."
Definition
Industrial Revolution
Term
80% of people in Western Europe made their living by _____ in the late 17th c.
Definition
farming
Term
What were the areas of conflict between textile workers and employers in the cottage industry? (3)
Definition
1) Pay
2) Hours
3) Remnants
Term
What was the open-field system?
Definition
-land cut into long, narrow strips
-medieval roots- communal farming patterns and traditions
Term
How successful in enforcing rigid barriers were guilds in France, England, and Germany?
Definition
France- moderately successful
England- unsuccessful
Germany- very successful
Term
What were the results of the English Agricultural Revolution? (4)
Definition
1) More food
2) Land enclosures
3) Market-oriented Estate agriculture
4) Landless rural proletariat emerges- no more serfdom, instead landless rural wage earners
Term
What were the competitive advantages of the putting-out system?
Definition
-Cheap labor, little regulation, all sorts of goods
Term
The largest employer of Europeans until the 19th century was the _____ industry.
Definition
textile
Term
The putting-out system first impacted _____ (country), and next impacted _____ (country).
Definition
England, the Netherlands
Term
Who were the participants in the putting-out system? What were their roles?
Definition
1) Merchant capitalist
-raw materials and markets
2) Rural worker
-skills
Term
Compare old historians' views of 17th/18th c. guilds with newer historians'.
Definition
OLD VIEW
-outmodeled and exclusionary
NEW VIEW
-flexible (hiring of women for dressmaking and needleworking)
Term
What were special types of privileges that guilds were given? (2)
Definition
1) Economic privileges (monopolies, inherited access)
2) Religious and social privileges
Term
After the reconstruction of London, the _____ became the most well-to-do part of London.
Definition
West End
Term
Who was the most famous Dutch engineer of the Agricultural Revolution who made improvements in draining, especially in England?
Definition
Cornelius Vermuyden
Term
How did the Seven Years' War (French and Indian War) impact the English and French colonial rivalry?
Definition
France loses all North American territories
-Louisiana to Spain
-Canada, American land east of Miss. to England
Term
In 1619, the Dutch take control of which port? Why is this significant?
Definition
-Jakarta (renamed Batavia)
-Becomes center of Indian Ocean trade
Term
Adam Smith's economic theory is known as _____.
Definition
liberalism
Term
What did Adam Smith think of workers?
Definition
He applauded the rise in wages and argued for their rights
Term
Adam Smith argued for three duties of government. What are they?
Definition
1) Defense
2) Civil Order
3) Public works that can't benefit investors
Term
What work by Adam Smith criticized mercantilism and provided the basis for modern economics?
Definition
Wealth of Nations (1776)
Term
Who was a company agent who led the British forces and became the first governor of Bengal, India?
Definition
Robert Clive
Term
What was London's "social season?" in the 18th century?
Definition
Rich people came to the West End Oct.-May to play market for mortgages, marriages, and recreation.
Term
Who dominated 16th c. Asian trade?
Definition
Portuguese in combination with autonomous Asian merchants
Term
Who dominated 17th c. Asian trade?
Definition
Dutch- autonomous merchants became dependent merchants (spice traders)
Term
What was debt peonage?
Definition
Spanish planter/rancher driven serfdom of American Indians
Term
What were the three "grim reapers" of 17th c. demographic crisis?
Definition
1) famine
2) disease
3) war
Term
What were various jobs associated with textile production and who did them?
Definition
Men operated the loom (weavers)
Women and children were spinners
Term
In a rural textile-producing household, weaving was a _____ enterprise.
Definition
family
Term
What invention in the early 18th c. expedited weaving?
Definition
John Kay's flying shuttle
Term
What were consequences of the slave trade in Africa? (4)
Definition
1) Increased warfare
2) Disorder of states like Congo
3) Stagnating populations
4) A few states profit (like Dahomey)
Term
French 18th c. profits from the colonies came from which 3 exports?
Definition
coffee, sugar, slaves
Term
What was the main source of England's wealth in the 18th c.?
Definition
exports to the colonies
Term
What was the "Industrious Revolution?"
Definition
Socioeconomic changes in late 17th to early 18th c.
Reduction of leisure time, faster pace of work
Shift from working for household consumption to wages
Term
In the British colonies in the 18th c., slaves worked on _____ and _____ plantations.
Definition
Sugar (Caribbean)
Tobacco (American South)
Term
Important nitrogen storing crops include... (6)
Definition
Peas, beans, turnips, potatoes, clovers, grasses
Term
In the 18th c., more sophisticated patterns of _____ were utilized to increase soil, thus food, output.
Definition
crop rotation
Term
Why was life so difficult for 17th c. peasants? (4)
Definition
1) Heavy taxes and high rents
2) Land was stingy (same output as ancient days)
3) Land was capricious (unpredictable. danger of famine)
4) Poor health
Term
From a merchant capitalist's point of view, what were problems with the textile industry? (3)
Definition
1) Disputes over pay
2) poor organization and lack of control
3) work depends on agricultural calendar
Term
Who was the English innovator who used empirical research to make breakthroughs in plowing, drilling, and livestock breeding?
Definition
Jethro Tull
Term
Who was the Agricultural Revolution innovator who made innovations in turnips, draining, and manuring?
Definition
Townshend
Term
The new methods of the agricultural revolution originated where? Why? (2)
Definition
The Netherlands

1) Dense population creates demand
2) Urban growth = specialization (markets)
Term
Why were American living standards in the late 18th c. so good?
Definition
Agricultural development
Term
The main consequences of British economic expansion in the colonies were _____ and _____ growth.
Definition
population, production
Term
What is significant about the anti-slavery movement in Britain? (2)
Definition
1) first peaceful mass political movement
2) crucial role of women
Term
Traditional village rights of the commoners include... (2)
Definition
1) common land for animals
2) gleaning- right of poor to graze land for food after harvest
Term
When was the British slave trade abolished?
Definition
1807
Term
What early struggles did the British face in controlling Indian trade? How were they resolved?
Definition
1) Limited access and Mughals
-1716- concession of trade routes
-1764- defeat of Mughals
2) Disputes with local princes
-alliances or war
3) French Rivalry
-First Treaty of Paris- France has to concede India
Term
Why do the Dutch lose their hold on the Asian trade market?
Definition
failure to diversify beyond spices
Term
Which general primarily led English forces to victory in the Seven Years' War?
Definition
William Pitt
Term
How did the Industrious Revolution pave the way for the Industrial Revolution?
Definition
Shift from family business to wage work
Supporting users have an ad free experience!