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AP Euro Unit One
AP European History: Palmer 1-10
196
History
12th Grade
09/26/2010

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Term
Define: 3 Field System
Definition
-Arable land divided into 3 parts
-parts divided every year to keep crop land fertile
Term
When did serfdom replace slavery in Europe?
Definition
Around the year 1000
Term
What stopped around the year 1000 which made farmers more willing to build houses and large farms?
Definition
The Barbarian invasions ended
Term
What happened to the population in the year 1000?
Definition
It began to grow
Term
What happened to the rate of change in the year 1000?
Definition
A person could see change in a lifetime.
Term
Describe: Feudalism
Definition
-sort of makeshift government
-authority fell with "counts"
-count/lord kept peace and control
-peasants did work for the lord
-"mutual and reciprocal"
Term
Describe: the layout of towns before 1000 (and after ancient times)
Definition
-ancient cities had decayed
-only clusters of people around a king
-only very few exceptions
-no real commercial centers
Term
How was Venice founded?
Definition
It was founded by refugees fleeing from islands
Term
Corporate Liberties? (before 1000)
Definition
-Liberties won by towns
-no individual liberties
-it was all about protection, because the group was safer
Term
List: key components of a guild
Definition
-work done by experienced persons
-provided vocation and education
-guaranteed quality work
-PREVENTED COMPETITION!
Term
Key characteristic of medieval economy (think guilds...)
Definition
PREVENT COMPETITION!!
Term
What year was the Magna Carta written?
Definition
1215
Term
How was the Magna Carta formed?
Definition
-English Lords and Representatives asked King John to confirm their historical liberties
Term
What was the key result from the Magna Carta?
Definition
Parliaments originated
Term
Name: 3 sections of parliament
Definition
1 - Clergy
2 - Noble Class
3 - Burghers of Chartered Towns
Term
Where was the church during the High Middle Ages?
Definition
everywhere
Term
Describe: priests before 1000
Definition
-often illiterate
-had concubines
-needed reform
Term
Describe: the unity of the church before 1000
Definition
-not unified
-fragmented and localized
Term
What was the Clunian Monastery? What were their goals?
Definition
-serious new monastery in France around 1000
-goals: reform the church
Term
Who said "to go to Conossa"? What does it mean?
Definition
-Pope Gregory VII
-submission to the will of Rome
Term
Describe: Gregory VII
Definition
-One of first elected popes
-dynamic and strong willed
-in touch with Cluniac reformers
-dreamed of reform
-said clergy should free itself from worldly involvement
Term
Describe: Intellectual life during the High Middle Ages
Definition
-cities could support themselves financially...
-so more and more universities
-Latin used
Term
"Queen of Sciences"
Definition
Theology
Term
Dates of Ancient Times
Definition
500 BCE - 500 CE
Term
Dates of Middle Ages
Definition
500-1500
Term
Dates of Modern Times
Definition
1500 +
Term
Describe: Ancient Rome
Definition
-empire
-very centralized
-strong military
-trade thrived
-rule of law dominated
-growth and prosperity
-overall good things
Term
What is another name for the early middle ages?
Definition
The Dark Ages
Term
Contrast: Early Middle Ages and Ancient Rome
Definition
-Ancient Rome = flourishing society
-Early Middle Ages = opposite ...not so great
Term
Describe: Early Middle Ages
Definition
-Opposite of Ancient Rome
-Little Trade
-Germanic Law Dominated
-A complete mess
-people afraid to travel
-overall it was bad
Term
What was the difference between Feudalism and Manorialism?
Definition
-Feudalism = political system
-Manorialism = Economic System
Term
What was the difference between Feudalism and Manorialism?
Definition
-Feudalism = political system
-Manorialism = Economic System
Term
What did guilds do to the price of goods?
Definition
Increased price
Term
Serfs vs. Slaves
Definition
Serfs were bound to the soil and could NOT be bought and sold. Slaves COULD be bought and sold
Term
Describe: Church before 1000
Definition
-mess
-decentralized
-corrupt
-marrying priests
-uneducated priests
Term
What did the Cluniac Reforms do?
Definition
-improved the life of monks
-focused on the "essence of priestly life"
-poverty
-chastity
-educated priests
Term
Alfred Crosby thought that the Qualitative to Quantitative process of thinking changed in Europe from ____ to ____ (years)
Definition
1250-1350
Term
Define: Venerable Model
Definition
-the old way of thinking in Europe
-very qualitative
-"illogical" and strange
-comfortable for people
-manageable
Term
Examples of changed to a quantitative change in European thinking
Definition
-musical staff
-bartering - double entry bookkeeping
-mathematical symbols
-painting (in grids)
-more realistic than before
Term
Black death result on marriage and family
Definition
-disrupted marriage
-population feel even more than just from plague deaths
Term
Black Death's result on wages
Definition
-Sometimes scarcity of labor led to higher wages
-so the plague was partially good for peasants...
-upper classes tried to control wages
-led to peasant rebellions
Term
What countries were involved in the Hundred Years' War?
Definition
England and France
Term
Joan of Arc was involved in which war?
Definition
The Hundred Years' War
Term
Joan of Arc was involved in which war?
Definition
The Hundred Years' War
Term
Joan of Arc was involved in which war?
Definition
The Hundred Years' War
Term
What are the key things to know about Joan of Arc?
Definition
-led France to military victories in the Hundred Years' War
-...until she was burned at the stake for supposed witchcraft
Term
Basic things about the War of Roses:
Definition
-1450-1485
-England was beset with upper class turmoil
Term
Who issued "unam sanctam"? What does it mean?
Definition
-Pope Boniface VIII
-no one outside of Roman Church could gain salvation
Term
The Great Schism (during the 1300s)
Definition
-2 popes elected instead of just 1
-French and Roman popes
-split of followers
Term
John Wyclif
Definition
-said the church focused too much on possessions
-said Bible was enough for Salvation
Term
William Langland
Definition
-was dissatisfied with the church during the 14th century
Term
The conciliar movement (during the 14the century)+ results + state of church at the time
Definition
-great Schism ended
-Martin V became pope
-unity in the church was restored
-church was corrupted by money
-churchmen lived with mistresses
-popes gradually prevailed over the councils
Term
What year did the Crusades begin in Europe?
Definition
1095 CE
Term
c. ____ Europe was on the rebound (renaissance, exploration, reformation)
Definition
c. 1500
Term
During the Renaissance, which country had the most bustling cities?
Definition
Italy
Term
What happened to merchants during the renaissance?
Definition
They became rich in commerce
Term
During the Renaissance, what was the influence of Rome on the smaller cities?
Definition
-influence of Rome was unimportant
-towns were independent city-states
Term
What did Lorenzo the Magnificent do with his money?
Definition
-used great wealth to govern
-lavish benefactor of the arts and learning
Term
In the middle ages, a quiet pious life was considered ideal. How did this change the renaissance?
Definition
There was praise for proper enjoyment of wealth
Term
Key ideas about Italian Renaissance Humanists:
Definition
-wrote a lot in Latin
-secular themes in books
-people starting writing as life's main work
Term
Petrach
Definition
-"first man of letters"
-traveled through France and Italy
-attracted by love, life, and beauty
-wrote for the sake of beauty
Term
Who was the "first man of letters"?
Definition
Petrach
Term
Changes for in early education (school) during the Renaissance
Definition
-different age groups were separated into different classes
-Greek added to Latin
Term
What were the changes in manners during the Renaissace?
Definition
-manners became more important
-adults could not longer act like "big children"
Term
What was a "courtier" considered to be during the Italian Renaissance?
Definition
-A man of good birth
-smart in many areas
Term
Describe: marriages during the Italian Renaissance
Definition
-Carefully negotiated
-women age 18 at marriage
-men much older (and well established)
-women often outlived husbands
Term
Machiavelli's main ideas in the Prince?
Definition
-described how to be a good leader
-wanted people from Florence to act like ancient Romans
-fight for Patriotic causes
-uphold dignity
Term
Define: Jacqueries
Definition
Peasant rebellions during the Black Plague
Term
Babylonian Captivity
Definition
-refers to time when popes lived in France
-France controlled part of churc
Term
What are heretics? What happened to them n the 14th century?
Definition
-people who go against the church
-church doesn't respond to their complaints
-just burned at the stake
Term
Pragmatic Sanction of Bourges
Definition
-had to do with theGallican Church
-French King had power over who bishops were going to be
Term
Life expectancy during the Late Middle Ages
Definition
-life was short
-life expectancy was 20 years
-(but most ppl dying as infants or around 40)
Term
__% of children died before their first birthday during the Late Middle Ages?
Definition
20%
Term
__% of people who lived to age 40 during the Late Middle Ages
Definition
20%
Term
What was Carnival during the Late Middle Ages?
Definition
-role reversal
-servants allowed to dress up like masters
-masters dressed up like servants
-wealthy people would allow this to happen for one day
Term
Where did the Renaissance begin?
Definition
Italy
Term
When was the height of the Renaissance?
Definition
1480's
Term
What year was the sacking of Rome?
Definition
1527
Term
Cult of the Individual
Definition
During the Renaissance, the individual become more important than the group
Term
Ideal renaissance man
Definition
-good at many things
-worldly
-affluent
-outgoing
-knew about classics
-good conversationalist
Term
Ideal Medieval man
Definition
monk
Term
Religion in Northern Renaissance vs. Religion in Italian Renaissance
Definition
- N. Renaissance = religion more important
-I Renaissance = religion less important
Term
Erasmus's view of saints:
Definition
-don't pray to a saint!
-BE like a saint!
Term
Erasmus's view of baptism:
Definition
Baptism doesn't do anything
Term
Was Erasmus part of the Italian Renaissance or the Northern Renaissance?
Definition
The Northern Renaissance
Term
What was Machiavelli's view of Savonarola?
Definition
He was against Savoranola's ideas
Term
Machiavelli's view of religion and morals
Definition
He didn't really care about either... but he thought that religion could be used as a social force
Term
Machiavelli's War philosophy
Definition
-Mach. thought that was was a natural way for peoples to live
Term
Virtu vs. Fortune
Definition
-Virtu = was you have inside, inner
qualities
-Fortune = circumstances which you can't control.
-use virtu to make the best of fortune
Term
What were some key ways the Machiavelli thought a ruler could succeed?
Definition
-assert power SOON
-have a strong army
-eliminate old blood line to power
Term
What was the key wartime technological advancement during the Hundred Years' War?
Definition
England invented the long bow
Term
What was good about the longbow?
Definition
-Good for piercing armor
Term
What did the longbow do to the importance of knights?
Definition
Knights became less important, because the longbow could pierce through armor
Term
The power of monarchs c. 1500
Definition
-increased power
-larger armies
Term
What country was the Valois line?
Definition
France
Term
Where did the Tudors live?
Definition
England
Term
In which year did Luther write his 95 Thesis?
Definition
1517
Term
Describe: key characteristics of Renaissance popes
Definition
-not that religious
-warrior popes
-worldly
Term
Julius II was known as the _______ ____?
Definition
Warrior Pope
Term
Pope Alexander VI was known for what?
Definition
-had several children
-sexual promiscuity
-wild parties
Term
What were some of Luther's main ideas?
Definition
-Bible is ONLY source of information
-Faith alone needed for salvation
-Every person his own priest
-priest is not necessary to get to heaven
Term
What were the Calvinists called in France?
Definition
The Huguenots
Term
Did the Anabaptists really succeed?
Definition
Not really...
Term
Why was Charles V threatened by the Turks?
Definition
on the Eastern border of the Holy Roman Empire, Turks could potentially expand
Term
What year was the Peace of Ausburg?
Definition
1555
Term
What did Calvin believe about Christians and the State?
Definition
He thought that true Christians could Christianize the state
Term
What did Elizabeth I want to do with religion?
Definition
-She wanted to minimize religion in England
-just cared about strong England, not strong religion
Term
Protestant Reformation: pros and cons for women:
Definition
PROS:
- women who did not want to go to a convent didn't have to
- women more educated in order to teach their children
-motherhood was considered valuable
CONS
-could no longer escape men in convent
-could no longer get education in convent
Term
Define: Transubstantiation
Definition
The belief that the bread and wine of the Eucharist is the ACTUAL body and blood of Christ
Term
Some problems with the Council of Trent:
Definition
-political problems
-poorly attended
-trying to stop episcopal movement...so papacy just got more power
Term
Dates for the Council of Trent:
Definition
1545 - 1563
Term
Francis I v. Charles V
Definition
-Francis I
-French king
-supported pope, because he had already acquired Gallican church
-opposed Charles V
-Charles had wide rude and threatened France with “universal
monarchy)
Term
Catholic Reformation vs. Counter Reformation
Definition
-both the Catholic movement responding to the rise in Protestantism
-Catholics like “Catholic Reformation”
-Protestants like “Counter Reformation”
-Catholics underwent genuine reform
Term
In 1560, the strongest powers of Europe -- Spain, France, Austria -- were all officially _________
Definition
Catholic
Term
Key Teachings of the Council of Trent:
Definition
-justification by faith AND good works
-seven sacraments
-special priesthood, confession, transubstantiation
-Vulgate translation of Bible
-Latin NOT vernacular
-purgatory
-indulgences
-elimination of pluralism, simony, and nepotism
-an educated clergy
Term
What was the Vulgate Bible?
Definition
Certain Latin translation of the Bible that the Council of Trent wanted everyone to use
Term
Pope Paul III
Definition
-one of reforming popes during counter reformation
-regarded papacy as moral and religious force
Term
Who started the Jesuits?
Definition
Ignatius Loyola
Term
Which inquisition was the harshest?
Definition
The Spanish Inquisition
Term
Books
Definition
-list of books that could be read or not
Term
Who wrote "Spiritual Exercises"? What was it about?
Definition
-Ignatius Loyola
-It told of arduous and horrifying mystical training to become a Jesuit
Term
Recusants
Definition
-people who went against the churc
Term
"Under feudalism no one was sovereign"
Definition
-everyone was getting something out of it...both peasants and lords
Term
reasons why the year 1000 was a turning point
Definition
1.)End of invasions - farming with confidence
2.)new towns
3.)population growth
4.)windmills developed
5.) heavier plow
6.) no slavery
7.) Security (of farm and house)
Term
Village plan and manor
Definition
-Village plan = the estate of the Lord (village and surrounding farms)
Term
Why were serfs considered to be bound to the soil?
Definition
-serfs could not leave the village plan without permission from the lord
Term
What were Flanders known for?
Definition
woolen cloth
Term
What was the role of women in guilds?
Definition
-They did not play a huge role...only some clothing guilds and things like that
-could not get political privledges (like men) from guilds
Term
Describe: the Church in year 1000
Definition
fragmented and localized
Term
Describe: the church ceremonies of the Cluniac monastery
Definition
super elaborate
Term
Who said "to go to Conossa"...what did it mean?
Definition
-Gregory VII
-it meant that whatever Rome wanted to be done would be done
Term
Who wrote Summa Theologica? What was it about?
Definition
-Thomas Aquinas
-It was a compilation of theological teaching of the time
-Reasoning behind Christian theology
Term
What was the most famous work of Thomas Aquinas?
Definition
Summa Theologica
Term
Causes of the crusades
Definition
-Arab agression towards the Roman Empire
-churches conquered and destroyed by Muslims
Term
Impacts of the Crusades:
Definition
-European goals never accomplished
-trade routes established during many years of crusading/new markets opened
-Christian monarchies became stronger
Term
_______ __________ was the first of the world's major civilizations to become "secularized"
Definition
Latin Christendom
Term
Threats to Christendom (before 14th century)
Definition
-Mongols in Russia
-Ottomans conquer Byzantium
-Both disastrous for prosperous, expanding Europe
-Authority of papacy was questioned
-Protestant church emerged
-religious unity disappeared
Term
Wat Tyler
Definition
-Led Wat Tyler's Rebellion
-large scale peasant rebellion
Term
Where was the Hundred Years' War mostly fought?
Definition
France
Term
Avignon Popes
Definition
Another pope elected from Avignon, France
Term
Annates
Definition
-church profits given to the treasury
-income that a bishop got in his first year that had to be given to the popes
Term
Define: Flagellation
Definition
Beating oneself for the sake of religoin
Term
What were the followers of John Wyclif called?
Definition
Lollards
Term
Main ideas of John Hus:
Definition
-religion and nationalism intertwined
-led the Hussites
Term
Who were the Hussites?
Definition
-followers of John Huss
-religious party protesting supremacy of Germans who lived in Bohemia
Term
What were the 3 goals of the Council of Constance? Where they achieved?
Definition
1.)End Schism in Church
-3 popes persuaded to withdraw
-new pope elected - Martin V
-so it worked
2.)Stop Heresy
...not exactly
3.) Reform Church
...not really
Term
How did John Huss die?
Definition
He was burned at the stake
Term
Erasmus advocated what?
Definition
Christian education for moral and intellectual improvement.
Term
The Court of Star Chamber in England was
Definition
the law court that the Stuarts used to impose their tax laws on the nobles
Term
The conqueror of the Incas was:
Definition
Pizarro
Term
National monarchies in Europe (c. 1500) were strongest in ______
Definition
England
Term
Charles V failed to stamp out Protestantism within the empire because ____
Definition
he was distracted by foreign wars
and the Reformation was too entrenched to be ended by brute force
Term
Thomas Aquinas was most influenced by ______
Definition
Aristotle
Term
During the High Middle Ages, the church ________
Definition
was everywhere
Term
Pragmatic Sanction of Bourges
Definition
-French (Gallican) church said that councils had more power than single pope
-Papacy thus lost influence in France
...-but still had power in Europe
Term
What does Quattrocento mean?
Definition
Fifteenth century
Term
What is Savonarola known for?
Definition
The burning of the vanities
Term
Who wrote "Divine Comedy"?
Definition
Dante
Term
Who wrote the "Decameron"?
Definition
Boccaccio
Term
What was the Decameron about?
Definition
It had little stories about the Black Death
Term
What led to the end of the Renaissance?
Definition
The sack of Rome
Term
What year was the Sack of Rome?
Definition
1527
Term
Monarchy offered a guarantee of ____ and ______
Definition
law and order
Term
What did Henry VII do to the War of Roses?
Definition
He stopped it
Term
Which king had the Star Chamber?
Definition
Henry VII
Term
Louis XI was part of the ________ line
Definition
Valois
Term
Moriscos
Definition
Christians of Moorish background
Term
Marranos
Definition
Christians of Jewish Background
Term
What marriage ended Spanish tolerance?
Definition
Castile (Isabella) and Ferdinand (Aragon)
Term
3 kinds of states in the Holy Roman Empire?
Definition
-princely states
-ecclesiastical states
-imperial free states
Term
Charles V
Definition
-most powerful ruler of his day
-Head of HRE
Term
The most successful international form of the Protestant movement was _______
Definition
Calvinism
Term
Types of Protestantism laboring poor was attracted to and why
Definition
-biewed bishops and abbots as oppressive ruling class
-Anabaptists
-Baptists
-Mennonites
-Moravian Brothers
Term
Types of Protestantism Educated Urban class was attracted to and why
Definition
-wanted to run religion like a business
-opposed feudal or monarchical system
-Calvinism
Term
Tetzl
Definition
-sold indulgences
-Luther was against this
-promted the 95 Thesis
Term
Who did Luther go to first to try to stop the selling of indulgences? What did he say?
Definition
He went to Pope Leo X, but he said no.
Term
What type of protestantism were the kings and princes attracted to and why
Definition
-wanted to continue to have power
-Gallican church
-Anglicans
-Lutherans
Term
Diet of Worms
Definition
luther was summoned to appear at diet of Empire
-There, Luther said he could only be convinced by holy scripture
-The empire exiled him
Term
John of Leyden and Munster
Definition
-claimed authority came to him directly from God
-ruled that Munster be a "revolutionary terror"
-Luther advised followers to do anything to stop even...even join together with Catholics
Term
Schmalkaldic League
Definition
Lutheran princes
-supported by France
-eventually went to war with the HRE
Term
cuius regio eius religio
Definition
whose region, his religion...meant that the religion of the ruler would be religion of the people
Term
Ecclesiastical Reservation
Definition
said that any Catholic bishop/clergyman who turned Lutheran in the future would not carry is territory with him
Term
Henry the VIII and religion
Definition
-changed to Anglican church
-...but kept old doctrine
-kept old ways
Term
Date of the 39 Articles
Definition
1563
Term
Thirty Nine Articles
Definition
Composed by a committee of bishops which defined the creed of the Anglican Church
Term
Main Impacts of the Protestant Reformation:
Definition
-Unity of Christendom has been broken
-many protestant reforms
-counter reformation
-encouraged married life and families
Term
England was the only country that _______________ before adopting Protestant principles
Definition
breaking with the Roman church
Term
Henry VIII the thought what about Luther? What did he write about it?
Definition
-Henry wanted to keep old Catholic ways
-wrote "Defense of the Seven Sacraments" in refutation
Term
How many sons did Henry VIII have?
Definition
none
Term
Why did Henry VIII want to get divorced?
Definition
He wanted to have a son...to extend a strong monarchy
Term
Who did Henry VIII want to get divorced from?
Definition
Catherine of Aragon
Term
Why did Henry VIII not go to the Pope Clement VII to get divorced?
Definition
He was embarrassed because Catherine was the aunt of Emperor Charles V (...who Clement was in no position to defend)
Term
Who did Henry VIII marry after the annulment of his marriage?
Definition
Anne Boleyn
Term
How many total wives did Henry VIII have?
Definition
six
Term
Henry VIII acted through _______
Definition
parliament
Term
Henry VIII's religion journey
Definition
-went through parliament for change
-wanted to be head of the English Catholic Church
-got rid of all monastries
-wanted to keep old doctrine of Catholics
-strengthened his landed aristocracy by giving them previously Catholic land
-required everyone to believe in transubstantiation, celibate clergy, confession, etc.
-it became impossible to maintain this positon for long
-eventually succeeded by his 10 year old son Phillip
-Church of England eventually took form under Elizabeth (daughter of Anne Boleyn)
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