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AP Euro Flash Cards
Flash Cards For Mrs. Brady's Vocab Words
93
History
9th Grade
01/28/2007

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Term
Alexander VI
Definition
(1492-1503) Corrupt Spanish pope. He was aided militarily and politically by his son Cesare Borgia, who was the hero of The Prince.
Term
Dante Alighieri
Definition
Italian poet wrote Inferno and Divine Comedy.
Term
Boccaccio
Definition
(1313-1375) Wrote the Decameron which tells about ambitious merchants, portrays a sensual, and worldly society.
Term
Botticelli
Definition
One of the leading painters of the Florentine renaissance, developed a highly personal style. The Birth of Venus
Term
Brunelleschi
Definition
(1377-1446) Italian architect, celebrated for work during Florentine Renaissance. He was anti-Gothic. Foundling Hospital in Florence.
Term
Michelangelo Buonarroti
Definition
(1475-1564) Worked in Rome. Painted the Sistine Chapel. Sculpted the statue of David.
Term
Castiglione
Definition
Wrote The Courtier which was about education and manners and had a great influence. It said that an upper class, educated man should know many academic subjects and should be trained in music, dance, and art.
Term
Leonardo Da Vinci
Definition
(1452-1519) Artist who made religious paintings and sculptures like the Last Supper.
Term
Lorenzo de Medici
Definition
(1469-1492) The Medici’s were a great banking family in Florence in the 15th century. Ruled government of Florence from behind the scene.
Term
Miguel De Cervantes
Definition
(1547-1616) Spanish writer. Wrote Don Quixote.
Term
Pico Della Mirandola
Definition
Wrote On the Dignity of Man which stated that man was made in the image of God before the fall and as Christ after the Resurrection. Man is placed in-between beasts and the angels. He also believed that there is no limits to what man can accomplish.
Term
Donatello
Definition
(1386-1466) Sculptor. Probably exerted greatest influence of any Florentine artist before Michelangelo. His statues expressed an appreciation of the incredible variety of human nature.
Term
Erasmus
Definition
(1466?-1536) Dutch Humanist, religious education. Wrote Praise of Folly.
Term
Jacob Fugger
Definition
Headed leading banking, and trading house in l6th century Europe.
Term
Giotto
Definition
(1276-1337) Florentine Painter who led the way in the use of realism.
Term
Hans Holbein the Younger
Definition
Painter noted for his portraits and religious paintings.
Term
Humanism
Definition
Studied the Latin classics to learn what they reveal about human nature. Emphasized human beings, their achievements, interests, and capabilities.
Term
Individualism
Definition
Individualism stressed personality, uniqueness, genius, and the fullest development of capabilities and talents.
Term
Julius II
Definition
(1503-1513) Pope - very militaristic. Tore down the old Saint Peter’s Basilica and began work on the present structure in 1506.
Term
Niccolo Machiavelli
Definition
(1469-1527) Wrote The Prince which contained a secular method of ruling a country. "End justifies the means."
Term
Montaigne
Definition
(1533-1592) The finest representative of early modern skepticism. Created a new genre, the essay.
Term
Sir Thomas More
Definition
(1478-1535) Englishman, lawyer, politician, Chancellor for Henry VIII. Wrote Utopia which presented a revolutionary view of society. Executed for not compromising his religious beliefs.
Term
"New Monarchs"
Definition
Monarchies that took measures to limit the power of the Roman Catholic Church within their countries.
Term
Pazzi Conspiracy
Definition
Conspiracy to overthrow the Medici’s.
Term
Petrarch
Definition
(1304-1374) Father of the Renaissance. He believed the first two centuries of the Roman Empire to represent the peak in the development of human civilization
Term
Quattrocento
Definition
The 1400’s
Term
Cinquecento
Definition
The 1500’s.
Term
Rabelais
Definition
French satirical author.Gargantua and Pantagruel.
Term
"Renaissance Man"
Definition
A man that is multitalented and is well educated.
Term
Revival of antiquity
Definition
The awakening from the dark ages and the focusing on the Roman’s.
Term
Friar Girolamo Savonarola
Definition
(1452-1498) Dominican friar who attacked paganism and moral vice of Medici and Alexander VI. Burned at the stake in Florence.
Term
Secularism
Definition
The belief in material things instead of religious things.
Term
Lorenzo Valla
Definition
(1406-1457) On Pleasure, and On false Donation of Constantine. Father of modern historical criticism.
Term
Vernacular
Definition
Everyday language of a specific nation.
Term
Virtu
Definition
The striving for excellence. Humanistic aspect of Renaissance.
Term
Now Starting
Definition
CHAPTER 14
Term
Act of Supremacy
Definition
Declared the king the supreme head of the Church of England.
Term
Anglicanism
Definition
Upholding to the teachings of the Church of England as defined by Elizabeth I.
Term
John Calvin
Definition
Theological writings profoundly influenced religious thoughts of Europeans. Developed Calvinism at Geneva. Wrote Institutes of Christian Religion
Term
Consubstantiation
Definition
The bread and wine undergo a spiritual change.
Term
Council of Trent
Definition
Called by Pope Paul III to reform the church and secure reconciliation with the Protestants. Lutherans and Calvinists did not attend.
Term
Thomas Cranmer
Definition
Prepared the First Book of Common Prayer.
Term
Diet of Worms
Definition
Assembly of the estates of the empire, called by Holy Roman Emperor Charles V.
Term
Edict of Nantes
Definition
1598 - Granted the Huguenots liberty of conscience and worship.
Term
Excommunication
Definition
When a person is kicked out of the Catholic church.
Term
Huguenots
Definition
French Calvinists
Term
John Huss
Definition
Bohemian religious reformer whose efforts to reform the church eventually fueled the Protestant Reformation.
Term
Ignatius Loyola
Definition
Founded the Society of Jesus, resisted the spread of Protestantism, Spiritual Exercises.
Term
Indulgences
Definition
Selling of these was common practice by the Catholic church, corruption that led to reformation.
Term
The Institutes of Christian Religion
Definition
Written by John Calvin
Term
Jesuits
Definition
Members of the Society of Jesus, staunch Catholics. Led by Loyola.
Term
John Knox
Definition
Dominated the movement for reform in Scotland. Had been taught in Geneva by Calvin.
Term
Martin Luther
Definition
95 Thesis, posted in 1517, led to religious reform in Germany, denied papal power and absolutist rule. Claimed there were only 2 sacraments: baptism and communion.
Term
Simony
Definition
The selling of church offices
Term
Usury
Definition
The practice of lending money for interest
Term
Theocracy
Definition
A community in which the state is subordinate to the church
Term
Predestination
Definition
Calvin's religious theory that God has already planned out a person's life.
Term
Johann Tetzel
Definition
The leading seller of Indulgences. Infuriated Luther.
Term
Thomas Wolsey
Definition
Cardinal, highest ranking church official and lord chancellor. Dismissed by Henry VIII for not getting the pope to annul his marriage to Catherine of Aragon.
Term
John Wycliffe
Definition
(c.1328-1384) Forerunner to the Reformation. Created English Lollardy. Attacked the corruption of the clergy, and questioned the power of the pope.
Term
Ulrich Zwingli
Definition
(1484-1531) Swiss reformer, influenced by Christian humanism. He looked to the state to supervise the church. Banned music and relics from services. Killed in a civil war.
Term
Baroque
Definition
Style in art and architecture developed in Europe from about 1550 to 1700, emphasizing dramatic, curving forms, elaborate ornamentation, and overall balance of disparate parts. Associated with Catholicism.
Term
Defenestration of Prague
Definition
The throwing of Catholic officials from a castle window in Bohemia. Started the Thirty Years' War.
Term
Peace of Westphalia
Definition
Treaty that ended the Thirty Years' War (1648) and readjusted the religious and political affairs of Europe.
Term
St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre
Definition
Mass slaying of Huguenots (Calvinists) in Paris, on Saint Bartholomew's Day, 1572.
Term
War of the Three Henrys
Definition
French civil war because the Holy League vowed to bar Henri of Navarre from inheriting the French throne. Supported by the Holy League and Spain's Philip II, Henri of Guise battles Henri III of Valois and Henri of Navarre.
Term
Now Starting
Definition
CHAPTER 15
Term
John Cabot
Definition
Italian-born navigator explored the coast of New England, Nova Scotia, and Newfoundland. Gave England a claim in North America.
Term
Pedro Cabral
Definition
Claimed Brazil for Portugal
Term
Entrepot
Definition
Big commercial center for importing and exporting commodities.
Term
Conquistadores
Definition
Spanish 'conqueror' or soldier in the new World.
Term
Bartholomew Diaz
Definition
(1487-1488) Portuguese, first European to reach the southern tip of Africa.
Term
Sir Francis Drake
Definition
English sea captain, robbed Spanish treasure ships; 'singed the king beard'; involved in the armada.
Term
King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella
Definition
Monarchs who united Spain; responsible for the reconquista.
Term
Encomienda
Definition
Indians were required to work a certain number of days for a land owner, but had their own land to work as well.
Term
Vasco da Gama
Definition
Sailed from Portugal for India.
Term
Prince Henry the Navigator
Definition
(1394-1460) Prince of Portugal who established an observatory and school of navigation at Sagres and directed voyages that spurred the growth of Portugal's colonial empire.
Term
Ferdinand Magellan
Definition
(1480?-1521) Portuguese navigator. While trying to find a western route to Asia, he was killed in the Philippines (1521). One of his ships returned to Spain (1522), thereby completing the first circumnavigation of the globe.
Term
Northwest Passage
Definition
A water route from the Atlantic to the Pacific through northern Canada and along the northern coast of Alaska. Sought by navigators since the 16th century.
Term
Sir Walter Raleigh
Definition
1552?-1618) English courtier, navigator, colonizer, and writer. A favorite of Elizabeth I, he introduced tobacco and the potato to Europe. Convicted of treason by James I, he was released for another expedition to Guiana and executed after its failure.
Term
Treaty of Tordesillas
Definition
Set the Line of Demarcation which was a boundary established in 1493 to define Spanish and Portuguese possessions in the Americas.
Term
Giovanni de Verrazano
Definition
1485?-1528?) Italian explorer of the Atlantic coast of North America.
Term
NOW STARTING
Definition
CHAPTER 16
Term
Absolutism
Definition
When sovereignty is embodied in the person of the ruler.
Term
Sovereignty
Definition
Possessing a monopoly over the instruments of justice.
Term
Cardinal Richelieu
Definition
Became President of the Council of ministers and the first minister of the French crown.
Term
Louis XIII
Definition
Influenced by Richelieu to exult the French monarchy as the embodiment of the French state.
Term
Fronde
Definition
1648-53. Brutal civil wars that struck France during the reign of Louis XIII.
Term
Jules Mazarin
Definition
Became a cardinal in 1641, succeeded Richelieu and dominated the power in French government.
Term
"Sun King"
Definition
Louis XIV had the longest reign in European history. Helped France to reach its peak of absolutist development.
Term
Louis XIV
Definition
King of France who ruled as an absolute monarch, even as a child.
Term
Jean-Babtiste Colbert
Definition
An advisor to Louis XIV who proved himself a financial genius who managed the entire royal administration.
Term
Mercantilism
Definition
The philosophy that a state's strength depends upon it wealth.
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