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AP Chem: Atoms
Electrons
26
Chemistry
12th Grade
11/11/2010

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Term
  1. Quantum
  2. Quantum number
Definition
  1. A packet of energy associated with a specific wavelenght of electromagnetic radiation.
  2. A number used to describe the energy levels available to an electron. Each electron in an atom has a unique set of four.
Term

Planck's constant

Definition

Planck's constant (h) is equal to:

6.63 x 10-34J-sec/particle

Term
  1. Emission spectrum
  2. Absorption spectrum
Definition
  1. A bright line spectrum formed when energy absorbed by an element is emitted at specific wavelenghts. Each element has a unique spectrum
  2. A dark-line spectrum formed when white light is passed through a vaporized element and a few specific wavelenghts are absorbed.
Term

Quantum theory equation relating:

Wavelenght to frequency

Definition

c = fλ

c = speed of light (3x108meters/sec)

f = frequency in hertz

λ = wavelenght in meters

Term

Quantum theory equation relating:

Energy to frequency

Definition

E = hf

E = energy in joules

h = 6.63x10-34 J-sec/particle (Plank's Constant)

f = frequency in hertz

Term

Quantum theory equation relating:

Energy to wavelenght

Definition

E = hc/λ

h = 6.63x10-34 J-sec/particle (Plank's Constant)

c = 3x108 meters/sec (speed of light)

λ = wavelenght in meters

Term

Lyman, Balmer, and Paschen series

Definition

Group of lines in the emission spectrum of hydrogen.

 

Lyman - ultraviolet, 6 lines

Balmer - visible, 5 line

Paschen -  infra red, 4 lines

Term

List 3 basic postulates of the Bohr model for the hydrogen atom.

Definition
  1. e- are present only in specific energy states
  2. A quantum of energy is absorbed or emitted to change the energy levels.
  3. A quantum- smallest amount of energy that can be gained or lost.
Term
  1. Ground state
  2. Excited state
Definition
  1. Electron is at its lowest energy level, as close to the nucleus as possible
  2. An electron absorbs energy and moves to a higher energy level above the ground state
Term

List four quantum numbers and their symbols

Definition
  1. Principal energy level: "n"
  2. sublevel: "l"
  3. orbital: "ml"
  4. spin: "ms"
Term

List the names of the first four energy levels (or shells)

Definition

#1 or K

#2 orr L

#3 or M

#4 or N

Term

What is the electrin capacity of the energy levels 1 to 7? What is the basic formula for electron capacity?

Definition

for level #1 e- capacity equals 2.

#2 - 8; #3 - 18; #4 - 32; #5 - 50; #6 - 72; #7 - 98

fomula for electron capacity

e- capacity = 2n2 (n = level#)

Term

List the names of the four sublevels and their electron capacities

Definition

s holds 2

p holds 6

d holds 10

f holds 14

Term

Orbital

How many orbitals in each sublevel?

Definition

An orbital is contained in a sublevel and holds 2 e-

s - 1

p - 3

d - 5

f - 7

 

Term

Which sublevels are present in energy levels #1, #2, #3, #4, - #7?

Definition

#1: s

#2: s, p

#3: s, p, d

# 4-7: s, p, d, f

 

Term

Describe the shapes of the orbitals.

  1. s
  2. p
  3. d
  4. f
Definition
  1. s - sphere
  2. p - dumbell shape with 2 lobes
  3. d - double dumbbell; most have 4 lobes
  4. f - most have 8 lobes
Term

Pauli exclusion principle

How does it relate to electron spin?

Definition

No two e- in an atom have an identical set of 4 quantum numbers.

The 2 e- in any orbital must have opposite spins (+1/2 or -1/2)

 

Term

What is the order for filling sublevels (Aufbau process) form lowest to highest energy?

Definition

1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 4s 3d 4p 5s 4d 5p 6s 4f 5d 6p 7s 5f 6d

Term
  1. Electron configuration
  2. Write the electron configuration for Lithium and Iron
Definition
  1. The distribution of electrons into shells and subleves for an atom of an element. Each element has a unique electron configuration
  2. Lithium - 1s22s2
  3. 1s22s22p63s23p64s23d6
Term

Hund's Rule

Definition

Within a sublevel the order of filling orbitlas is chosen to maxime half filled orbitals. All single electrins have parallel spins.

Term

Valence

What are the valance of the elements of families IA throught VIIA?

Definition

the number of e- in the atom's highest numbered or outermost shell.

the valences of elements in groups IA - VIIIA are the element's column number. For the example, the valence pf Na (sodium) is 1; O (Oxygen) is 6

 

Term

Write valences of:

  1. Na
  2. Cl
  3. O
  4. Al
Definition
  1. 1 (Na)
  2. 7 (Cl)
  3. 6 (O)
  4. 3 (Al)
Term

Lewis dot structure

 

Definition

Consists of the atom's surronded by the same number of dots atom's valence. May be used for elements, compounds or polyatomic ions.

Term

Photon

Definition

An individual packet or quantum of radiant energy of a specific wavelenght.

Term
  1. Paramagnetic
  2. Diamagnetic
Definition
  1. An atom or group of atoms which has magnetic properties due to unpaired electrons in its orbitals.
  2. A term indicating a substance which does not contain unpared electrons and is therefore not attracted to a magnetic field.
Term

Spectroscope

Definition

Instrument which disperses light emitted by energized atoms and allows examination of their spectra.

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