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AP CHEM TEST
frickin AP test.
68
Chemistry
11th Grade
04/25/2011

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Term
Atomic Theory
Definition
-each element made of atoms
-atoms of same element same, different different
-each compound same full atom ratio
-atoms not created or destroyed
Term
Atomic number vs. Mass number
Definition
Z (protons) vs. A (nucleons-P+N)
Term
quantum numbers (n, l, ml, ms,)
Definition
n=size of orbital / energy of electron
l = 0-(n-1) = shape of orbital
ml = +l-> -l = orientation
ms = +/- 1/2 = spin
Term
periodic trends (across)
Definition
atomic radius decreases, ionization energy increases, electronegativity increases,
Term
periodic trends (down)
Definition
atomic radius increases, ionization energy decreases, electronegativity decreases
Term
ionic vs. covelant vs. metallic
Definition
one electron transfered vs.
Term
Tricks to LDD
Definition
-all n=1 and n=2 need to obey octet rule
-B needs only 3 bonds, Be needs only 2 bonds
Term
VSEPR
Definition
2Blinear, 3Btrigonal planar, 2B1UBbent, 4Btetrahedral, 3B1UBtrigonal pyramidal, 2B2UB bent, 5Btrigonal bipyramidal, 4B1UBseesaw, 3B2UBTshaped, 2B3UBlinear, 6Boctahedral, 5B1UBsquare pyramidal 4B2UB square planar
Term
hybridization (resonance, sigma vs pi)
Definition
sigma normal, pi 2nd and 3rd (perpendicluar to sigma)
Term
alpha
Definition
42He, weird l thing, paper
Term
beta
Definition
0-1e, weird B thing, clothing
Term
gamma
Definition
00weird swoopy thing, led shields
Term
special nuclear atoms
Definition
positron = 01 (antimatter), electron = 0-1e, neutron=10n, proton = 11H or 11P
Term
nuclear half life (how to solve)
Definition
.693/K=T.5, ln(Nt/No)=-kt Nt=amount at time t, No=innitial amount, t=time
(first solve for K using half life, then solve for other variable)
Term
gas laws (gay-lusac, avogadros, boyles, charles,)
Definition
P/T = P/T, V/n = V/n, PV=PV, V/T=V/T
Term
Gas Law Equation (not PVnRT)
Definition
D=MP/RT (density = molar mass x pressure / r x temeprature)
Term
Daltons law of partial pressures
Definition
Pt = RT/V (ntotal), mole fraction x total pressure = partial pressure, (and total pressure = sum of partial pressures)
Term
kinetic molecular theory (how it affects laws)
Definition
-volume and forces between them are negligable
-molecules move randomly
-perfectly elastic collisions
Term
biggest derivation from ideal gas laws
Definition
High pressure and low temperature, or greater size
Term
Only thing that can change kinetic energy
Definition
TEMPERATURE!
Term
phase diagram (critical point, triple point,)
Definition
temp which above vapor cannot liquify
Term
change of states (s-->l, etc)
Definition
s<-->l
l<-->g
s<-->g sublimation / deposition
Term
lattice NRG equation
Definition
E=kQ1Q2/r (Q size, R distance, Q more important)
Term
mole fraction, molarity, molality,
Definition
n1/ntotal,
Term
Raoult's law (how to use it)
Definition
Pa=Xa x Pa (pressure = mole fraction x pressure of pure solvent)
Term
Osmosis (how to use it)
Definition
π=Mparticles x R x T
Term
Le Chatelier's principle
Definition
-increase concentration move away
-increase pressure move to less moles of g
-increase temperature treat exo like product, vise versa
-inert gas no difference
-
Term
Kc --> Kp conversion
Definition
Kp=Kc(RT)^N(moles product - moles reactant)
Term
F --> C conversion
Definition
F = 9/5C+32
Term
arrhenius deffinition vs BL deffinition
Definition
acid = increase H+/OH-, BL acids donate and basses accept
Term
Lewis acid vs. Lewis base
Definition
electron pair acceptors(a) and donors(b)
Term
Complex ions
Definition
metal surrounded by ligands (lewis bases). Coordiation number = number of ligands attatched = double/opposite the charge of the cation
Term
amphoterism
Definition
can act as both an acid and a base
Term
oxidation number rules
Definition
F always -1
Term
Electrochemistry (galvanic, etc) things to remember
Definition
cathode = reduction, anode = oxidation, Cathode + in galv and - in electrolytic, electrons from anode --> cathode, mass forms at cathode.
Term
hydrolysis
Definition
amp x seconds = columbs, columbs x (1 mol e / 96500 columbs) x (1 mol cu / 2 mol e) x (xg/1 mol cu)
Term
how to approach buffers
Definition
TALK ABOUT IT!
Term
how to find rate if not held constant
Definition
r1/r2=()()1/()()2
Term
graphs = which order?
Definition
0: At straight
1st : ln At straight (.693/k=T.5)
2nd : 1/At straight (1/K(At)=T.5)
Term
rate determining step (how to calcualte Cl in fast)
Definition
write equilibrium equation, then solve so wanted one is left in equation [CL2]=k[Cl]^.5 and thats the order
Term
state function
Definition
doesn't depend on pathway
Term
Calorimetry (bomb vs. coffee cup equations)
Definition
deltaQ=cdeltaT (usually KJ) vs. deltaQ=mCdeltaT (joules, H2O=4.184)
Term
boiling point vs. freezing poing equaitons (i)
Definition
FP = subtract, BP=add
Term
G relating to H and S
Definition
HSG -+-YAY, +-+NO, --LOW, ++HIGH
Term
phase changes (plateu and slope equations)
Definition
plateau: mol x Hvap or fus (KJ)
slope: mass x t x cp
Term
rms and effusion
Definition
Urms = sqroot(3RT/M), rate A / Rate B = Sqrt(Mb/Ma) = timeB/timeA
Term
DC: colors
Definition
MnO4- is purple, Mn2+ is light pink, Cr2O7-2 is orange, Cr3+ is green, I2 is purple, Br2 is brown/orange, Fe is yellow, Cr is yellow,
Term
solubility rules!
Definition
NAACCIBRAS SOLUBLE (Nitrates, acetates, alkali, chlorates, chloride bromide iodide except HgAgPb, Ammonium, Sulfate BaPbAgHgCaSb
Term
DC: 4 special types
Definition
carbonate --> oxide + CO2
chlorate --> chloride + O2
peroxide --> oxide
hydroxide --> oxide + H2O
Term
DC: random things to remember
Definition
nonmetallic --> acid
metallic --> base
acitve metal + H20 --> H2 + Base
Acid + Carbonate --> CO2 + the rest
heated = decomposed
Term
ORGANIC CHEM!
Definition
TALK ABOUT IT!
Term
IMF affecting boiling/freezing
Definition
HIGH BP = HIGH IMF = LOW FP
Term
IMF affecting vapor pressure
Definition
HIGH VP = LOW IMF = HIGH VOLAITY
Term
equation for vapor pressures and temperatures
Definition
lN (VP1/VP2) = HVAP(j) / 8.314 (1/T2-1/T1)
Term
size vs. solubility
Definition
HIGH SIZE = HIGH LDF = HIGH POLARIZABLILITY = HIGH SOLUBILITY
Term
K vs Ea and T equation
Definition
ln (K1/K2) = Ea(j) /8.314 (1/T2-1/T1)
Term
Transition metal charges (Lead, Copper, Nickel Tin, Iron)
Definition
Pb 2 and 4, Cu 1 and 2, Ni 2 and 3, Tin 2 and 4, Iron 2 and 3
Term
Bicarbonate, bisulphate, cyanide, manganate, chromate, dichromate, thiosulfate.
Definition
HCO3-, HSO4-, CN-, MnO3-,CrO4 2-, Cr2O72-, S2O32-
Term
Aufbau, Pauli Exclusion, Hunds
Definition
lowest first, no two electrons can have same 4, maximum number of unpaired electrons
Term
formal charge
Definition
valence electrons - (unpaired electrons + number of bonds)
Term
units of rate constant for 0, 1, 2, 3
Definition
m s-1, s -1, m-1 s-1, m-2 s -1
Term
fission vs. fusion
Definition
a large nucleus (U235) decays into smaller particles vs. a small nuclei fuses into larger particles
Term
Strong Acids
Definition
HClO4, HClO3, HNO3, HCL, HBR, HI, H2SO4
Term
Parent Acid/Base rules
Definition
SA+SB = neutral, SA+WB=acidic, WA+SB=basic, WA+WB=look at Ka or Kb
Term
K relating to G
Definition
negativeG=K>1, 0G=K=1, positiveG= K<1
Term
thermochemistry equations
Definition
Gº=-RTln(K), G=Gº+RT(LnK), Gº=-NFEº,
Term
Nernst
Definition
Ecell = EºCell - .0591/nF log(K)
Term
Nernst at equilibrium
Definition
Eº=.0592/n log (K)
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