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AP Blood & Lymph
Thib 17 & 20
121
Medical
Graduate
02/03/2010

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Term
Blood
Definition
-Composed of plasma and formed elements
-Complex transport medium that performs vital pickup and delivery services for the body
-Keystone of body’s heat-regulating mechanism
Term
Blood Volume; 5 L
Definition
varies according to age, body type, sex, and method of measurement;
Young adult male has approximately ___ of blood
Term
1/2 liter
10%
Definition
1 unit of blood is approximately ____ liter; 1 unit is ____ of blood volume
Term
Red Blood Cells
Definition
also called erythrocytes
Term
Red Blood Cells
Definition
-Have no nucleus and shaped like tiny biconcave disks
-Cannot reproduce!
-Do not contain ribosomes, mitochondria, or other organelles
Term
Hemoglobin-- carry O2
Definition
Primary component of RBC's
Term
-Critical role in the transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide depends on hemoglobin
-Carbonic anhydrase: enzyme in RBCs that catalyzes a reaction that joins carbon dioxide and water to form carbonic acid
-Carbonic acid: dissociates and generates bicarbonate ions, which diffuse out of the RBC and transport carbon dioxide in the blood plasma
Definition
3 functions of RBC
Term
200 to 300 million
Definition
Within each RBC are approximately ____ molecules of hemoglobin
Term
Hemoglobin
Definition
-Composed of four globin chains, each attached to a heme group
-Males have greater amount
Term
oxyhemoglobin
Definition
Hemoglobin is able to unite with four oxygen molecules to form _____ to allow RBCs to transport oxygen where it is needed
Term
Anemia
Definition
a decrease in number or volume of functional RBCs in a given unit of whole blood
Term
Erythropoiesis
Definition
entire process of RBC formation
Term
Formation begins in the red bone marrow as hematopoietic stem cells and goes through several stages of development to become erythrocytes; entire maturation process requires approximately 4 days
Definition
Basic process of Erythropoiesis
Term
100 million
homeostatic mechanisms
feedback loop
Definition
-RBCs are created and destroyed at approximately ____ per minute in an adult; _____ operate to balance the number of cells formed against the number of cells destroyed;
Maintained through ____
Term
105-120 days
Definition
Life span of a circulating RBC averages
Term
-Macrophage cells phagocytose the aged, abnormal, or fragmented RBCs
-Hemoglobin is broken down and amino acids, iron, and bilirubin are released
Definition
Destruction of RBCs process
Term
neutrophils
eosinophils
basophils
Definition
3 types of granulocytes
Term
Neutrophils
Definition
approximately 65% of total WBC count in a normal blood sample; highly mobile and active phagocytic cells; capable of diapedesis; cytoplasmic granules contain lysosomes
Term
Eosinophils
Definition
2% to 5% of circulating WBCs; numerous in lining of respiratory and digestive tracts; weak phagocytes; capable of ingesting inflammatory chemicals and proteins associated with antigen-antibody reaction complexes; provide protection against infections caused by parasitic worms and allergic reactions
Term
Basophils
Definition
only 0.5% to 1% of circulating WBCs; motile and capable of diapedesis; cytoplasmic granules contain histamine and heparin
Term
Lymphocytes
Monocytes
Definition
Agranulocytes
Term
lymphocytes
Definition
smallest of the WBCs; second most numerous WBC; account for approximately 25% of circulating WBCs; T lymphocytes and B lymphocytes have an important role in immunity: T lymphocytes directly attack an infected or cancerous cell, and B lymphocytes produce antibodies against specific antigens
Term
Monocytes
Definition
largest leukocytes; mobile and highly phagocytic cells for bacteria and foreign substances
Term
5000 to 9000
change with certain abnormal conditions
Definition
1 mm3 of normal blood usually contains _____ leukocytes, with different percentages for each type; WBC numbers have clinical significance because they _____
Term
-Granular and agranular leukocytes mature from the undifferentiated hematopoietic stem cell
-Neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, and a few lymphocytes and monocytes originate in red bone marrow; most lymphocytes and monocytes develop from hematopoietic stem cells in lymphatic tissue
Definition
Formation of WBCs Process
Term
Platelets
Definition
-In circulating blood
-Small, pale bodies that appear as irregular spindles or oval disks
-Three important properties are agglutination, adhesiveness, and aggregation
Term
250,000/mm3
150,000 to 400,000/mm3
Definition
Platelet counts in adults average ____ of blood; normal range is _____
Term
Platelets
Definition
Important role in hemostasis and blood coagulation; secondary role in defending against bacterial attacks
Term
Hemostasis
Definition
refers to stoppage of blood flow; however, if injury is extensive, the blood-clotting mechanism is activated to assist
Term
-One to five seconds after injury to vessel wall, platelets adhere to damaged endothelial lining and to each other, forming a platelet plug
-Temporary platelet plug is an important step in hemostasis
-Normal platelets (positive charge) adhere to damaged capillary wall and underlying collagen fibers, both of which have a negative charge (collagen acts as attractant for the platelets)
-“Sticky platelets” form physical plug and secrete several chemicals involved in the coagulation process
Definition
Platelet plug formation process
Term
platelets
Definition
formed in red bone marrow, lungs, and spleen by fragmentation of megakaryocytes
Term
ABO blood groups
Definition
Named for antigens on RBC membranes
Term
Type AB
Definition
known as universal recipient
Term
Type O
Definition
known as universal donor
Term
Rh positive
Definition
Rh antigen is present on the RBCs
Term
Rh negative
Definition
RBCs have no Rh antigen present
Term
anti-Rh antibodies
Definition
can appear in Rh-negative blood if it has come in contact with Rh-positive RBCs
Term
Plasma
Definition
liquid part of blood; clear, straw-colored fluid; composed of 90% water and 10% solutes
Term
Albumins, Globulins, Fibrinogen
Definition
6% to 8% of plasma solutes are proteins, consisting of three main compounds. What are they?
Term
Albumins
Definition
help maintain osmotic balance of the blood
Term
Globulins
Definition
essential component of the immunity mechanism
Term
Fibrinogen
Definition
key role in blood clotting
Term
Plasma protein
Definition
-Have an essential role in maintaining normal blood circulation
-Due to osmotic pressure they are able to maintain in circulation
Term
to stop bleeding and prevent loss of vital body fluid in a swift and sure method
Definition
goal of coagulation
Term
Prothrombin
Thrombin
Fibrinogen
Fibrin
Definition
Classic theory of coagulation advanced in 1905
Identified four components critical to coagulation which are...
Term
Stage 1: production of thromboplastin
Stage 2: conversion of prothrombin to thrombin
Stage 3: conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin and production of fibrin clot
Definition
3 stages of coagulation
Term
Chemicals released from damaged tissues (extrinsic pathway)
Chemicals present in the blood (intrinsic pathway)
Definition
production of thromboplastin activated by either of the following
Term
intact vessels
Definition
Clot formation in ____ is opposed
Term
-Perfectly smooth surface of the normal endothelial lining of blood vessels does not allow platelets to adhere
-Antithrombins
Definition
Several factors oppose clotting
Term
Antithrombins
Definition
substances in the blood that oppose or inactivate thrombin; prevent thrombin from converting fibrinogen to fibrin
Term
-Rough spot in the endothelium
-Abnormally slow blood flow
Definition
Conditions that hasten clotting
Term
Fibrinolysis
Definition
physiological mechanism that dissolves clots
Term
Fibrinolysin
Definition
enzyme in the blood that catalyzes the hydrolysis of fibrin, causing it to dissolve
Term
direct or indirect help from blood
Definition
No organ or system of the body can maintain proper levels of nutrients, gases, or water without
Term
RBC's
Definition
assist in the transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide
Term
WBC's
Definition
assist in the defense mechanisms of the whole body
Term
Platelets
Definition
prevent loss of the fluid that constitutes the internal environment
Term
maintain fluid balance in the internal environment and immunity
Definition
Two most important functions of the lymphatic system
Term
to collect absorbed fat from the intestines and transport it to the systemic veins
Definition
Third function of the lymphatic system is
Term
lymph vessels
Definition
act as drains to collect excess tissue fluid and return it to the venous blood just before it returns to the heart
Term
Lymphatic system
Definition
component of the circulatory system; composed of lymph, lymphatic vessels, and isolated structures containing lymphoid tissue: lymph nodes, aggregated lymphoid nodules, tonsils, thymus, spleen, and bone marrow
Term
fluid, proteins, fats, and other substances
Definition
Lymphatic system transports tissue ___, ___, ____, & ____ to the general circulation
Term
Lymphatic Vessels
Definition
begin blindly in the intercellular spaces of the soft tissues; do not form a closed circuit
Term
Lymph
Definition
-Clear, watery fluid found in the lymphatic vessels
-Closely resembles blood plasma in composition but has a lower percentage of protein; isotonic
Term
liver and small intestine
Definition
Elevated protein concentration in thoracic duct lymph because of protein-rich lymph from the
Term
Interstitial Fluid
Definition
-Complex, organized fluid that fills the spaces between the cells and is part of the extracellular matrix
-Resembles blood plasma in composition with a lower percentage of protein
-Along with blood plasma, constitutes the extracellular fluid
Term
Lymphatic capillaries
Definition
microscopic blind-end vessels where lymphatic vessels originate; wall consists of a single layer of flattened endothelial cells; networks branch and anastomose freely
Term
main lymphatic trunks, the right lymphatic ducts, and the thoracic duct
Definition
Lymphatic capillaries merge to form larger lymphatics and eventually form the ___, ___, & ___
Term
right subclavian vein
Definition
Lymph from upper right quadrant empties into right lymphatic duct and then into
Term
left subclavian vein
cisterna chyli (chyle cistern)
Definition
Lymph from rest of the body empties into the thoracic duct, which then drains into the ___; thoracic duct originates as the ___
Term
have thinner walls, have more valves, and contain lymph nodes
Definition
lymphatic vessels are similar to veins except lymphatic vessels
Term
thin, flat endothelial cells
Definition
Lymphatic capillary wall is formed by a single layer of
Term
-Remove high-molecular-weight substances and particulate matter from interstitial spaces
-Lacteals absorb fats and other nutrients from the small intestine
Definition
2 functions of lymphatic vessels
Term
internal jugular and subclavian veins
Definition
From lymphatic capillaries, lymph flows through progressively larger lymphatic vessels to reenter blood at the junction of the
Term
Lymphokinesis
Definition
the movement (flow) of lymph; can be visualized in a lymphangiogram
Term
valves
Definition
Lymph moves through the system in the right direction because of the large number of
Term
fluid pressure gradient
Definition
Breathing movements and skeletal muscle contractions establish a ___, as with venous blood
Term
lymphokinetic actions
Definition
activities that result in a central flow of lymph
Term
Lymph Nodes
Definition
-oval-shaped structures enclosed by a fibrous capsule
-type of biological filter
Term
Trabeculae
Definition
extend from the covering capsule of lymph nodes toward the center of the node
Term
Cortical and medullary sinuses
Definition
are lined with reticuloendothelial cells capable of phagocytosis
Term
defense & hematopoiesis
Definition
Lymph nodes perform two distinct functions-
Term
filtration and phagocytosis
Definition
2 defense mechanisms of lymph nodes
Term
mechanical filtration
Definition
physically stopping particles from progressing further in the body
Term
Phagocytosis
Definition
reticuloendothelial cells remove microorganisms and other injurious particles from lymph and phagocytose them (biological filtration)
Term
biological filtration
Definition
biologic activity of cells destroys and removes particles
Term
hematopoiesis
Definition
lymphoid tissue is the site for the final stages of maturation of some lymphocytes and monocytes
Term
Lymphatic drainage of the breast
Definition
Clinically important because cancer cells and infections can spread along lymphatic pathways to lymph nodes and other organs of the body
Term
lymphatics in the breast
Definition
-Drained by two sets of lymphatic vessels
1. Lymphatics that drain the skin over the breast with the exception of the areola and nipple
2. Lymphatics that drain the underlying substance of the breast, as well as the skin of the areola and nipple
Term
subareolar plexus
Definition
located under the areola surrounding the nipple; where communication between the cutaneous plexus and large lymphatics that drain the secretory tissue and ducts of the breast occurs
Term
axillary region
Definition
More than 85% of the lymph from the breast enters the lymph nodes of the
Term
lateral edges of the sternum
Definition
Remainder of breast tissue lymph enters lymph nodes along the
Term
Tonsils
Definition
Form a broken ring under the mucous membranes in the mouth and back of the throat—the pharyngeal lymphoid ring
Term
Palatine tonsils
Definition
located on each side of the throat
Term
pharyngeal tonsils
Definition
located near the posterior opening of the nasal cavity
Term
lingual tonsils
Definition
located near the base of the tongue
Term
Tubal tonsils
Definition
located near the openings of the auditory (eustachian) tubes
Term
Tonsils
Definition
Protect against bacteria that may invade tissues around the openings between the nasal and oral cavities; bacteria are trapped in tonsillar crypts and put in close contact with immune system cells
Term
thymus
Definition
-Primary central organ of lymphatic system
-Single, unpaired organ located in the mediastinum, extending upward to the lower edge of the thyroid and inferiorly as far as the fourth costal cartilage
Term
thymus
Definition
pinkish gray in childhood; with advancing age, becomes yellowish as lymphoid tissue is replaced by fat
Term
thymus
Definition
-Pyramid-shaped lobes are subdivided into small lobules
-Each lobule is composed of a dense cellular cortex and an inner, less-dense medulla
Term
thymic corpuscles
Definition
Medullary tissue of the thymus can be identified by presence of
Term
Thymus
Definition
-Plays vital role in immunity mechanism
-Source of lymphocytes before birth
-Shortly after birth, secretes thymosin and other regulators, which enables lymphocytes to develop into T cells
Term
Thymosin
Definition
enables lymphocytes to develop into T cells
Term
spleen
Definition
in the left hypochondrium, directly below the diaphragm, above the left kidney and descending colon and behind the fundus of the stomach
Term
Spleen
Definition
-Ovoid in shape
-Surrounded by fibrous capsule with inward extensions that divide the organ into compartments
-White and Red pulp
Term
White pulp
Definition
dense masses of developing lymphocytes
Term
Red pulp
Definition
near outer regions, composed of a network of fine reticular fibers submerged in blood that comes from nearby arterioles; composed of cords of white blood cells and related cells surrounded by sinusoids
Term
Hematopoiesis
Defense
RBC/platelet destruction
Blood reservoir
Definition
Functions of the spleen
Term
Spleen defense function
Definition
macrophages lining the sinusoids of the spleen remove microorganisms from the blood and phagocytose them
Term
Spleen hematopoiesis function
Definition
monocytes and lymphocytes complete their development in the spleen
Term
Spleen RBC/platelet destruction
Definition
macrophages remove worn-out red blood cells and imperfect platelets and destroy them by phagocytosis; also salvage iron and globin from destroyed red blood cells
Term
Spleen as blood reservoir
Definition
pulp of spleen and its sinuses store blood– probably about 1 unit of blood– if you have acute blood loss this could empty out quickly to help restore circulating blood volume
Term
puberty
Definition
Organs with lymphocytes appear before birth and grow until
Term
atrophy
Definition
lymphatic system organs ___ through late adulthood
Term
spleen
Definition
develops early, remains intact– maintains shape/function into old age
Term
lymphatic system
Definition
-Deficiency permits risk of infection and cancer
-Hypersensitivity: likelihood of autoimmune conditions
Term
Lymphatic system
Definition
___ drains away excess water from large areas
Term
Lymphatic system
Definition
benefits the whole body by maintaining fluid balance and freedom from disease
Term
8%
Definition
Blood is ___% of total body weight
Term
Intracellular- in cell cytoplasm
Extracellular- in vessels/space between cells
Definition
of the total body fluids,
2/3's is ____
1/3 is ____
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