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AP Biology Test 2
AP Bio Test 2
41
Biology
12th Grade
09/24/2012

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Term
ribosomes
Definition

site of protein synthesis

sometimes on endoplasmic reticulum

Term
lysosome
Definition

filled with ydrolitic enzymes 

"garbage man"

fuses with vacuole to deliver enzymes

Term
peroxisome
Definition
has H2O2 in it, also catalase
Term
vacuole
Definition
stores food, waste, water
Term
cell wall
Definition

protection,

shape, 

prevents excess uptake of H2O

Term
mitochondria
Definition
release energy from sugar
Term
Chloroplasts
Definition
capture sun energy and convert it to chemical energy
Term
fluid
Definition

flowing-

phospholipids in constant motion, proteins drift

Term
mosaic
Definition
variety of proteins embedded and attached to membrane
Term
bifacial
Definition
the extracellular side varies in composition from the inside
Term
phospholipids
Definition

hydrophilic head, 

hydrophobic tail, 

makes amphipathic

Term
integral proteins
Definition

embedded in membrane:

transport,

enzymatic, 

help stuff get through, 

signal transduction, 

cell recognition, 

intercellular joining, 

attach to cytoskeleton

Term
peripheral proteins
Definition

on inner surface-

attach to cytoskeleton, 

signal transduction

Term
cholesterol
Definition

-at moderate temperatures, maintains fluidity (prevents phospholipids from moving too much)

-at low temperatures, prevent solidification (prevent packing)

Term
oligosaccharides
Definition

oligo- few

saccharides- sugars

-surgace "carbochains" attached to lipids or proteins

-job: cell-cell recognition

Term
cell membrane
Definition
selectively permeable due to its structure
Term
CAN pass through lipid bilayer
Definition

-hydrocarbons (C-H)

-CO2, O2

-hydrophobic (nonpolar)

-polar: only if very small (H2O)

Term
CANNOT pass though lipid bilayer
Definition

-ions (charged)

-glucose

-hydrophilic (polar)

-proteins assist with transport  via active transport or facilitated diffusion

Term
passive transport
Definition
does not require energy because molecules move from higher concentration to lower (higher energy to lower energy)
Term
diffusion
Definition

-movement is random

-down the concentratoin gradient: difference in concentration

-moves until equilibrium is reached: still more at equilibrium, but no net movement

Term
osmosis
Definition
diffusion of water across a membrane from high water concentration to low water concentration (low solute to high solute)
Term
isotonic
Definition
two solutions with equal solute concentration
Term
hypotonic
Definition

solution with lower solvent

(hypo-hippo-hippos are lazy-they move LESS-have LESS solute)

Term
hypertonic
Definition

solution with higher solute

 (hyper-I'm hyper when I have a lot of sugar-sugar is a solute-LOTS of solute)

Term
normal animal cell
Definition

-cell and solution are isotonic

-no net water movement overall

Term
heypertonic animal cell
Definition

-cytolysis 

-solution is hypotonic

-cell is hypertonic

Term
hypotonic animal cell
Definition

-plasmolysis

-solutoin is hypertonic

-cell is hypotonic

Term
isotonic plant cell
Definition

-isotonic 

-cell is flacid

-plant wilts

Term
hypertonic plant cell
Definition

-cell becomes turgid

-increase in Turgor pressure

-solution is hypotonic

-cell is hypertonic

-cell is happy

Term
hypotonic plant cell
Definition

-cell is so sad

-plasmolysis

Term
osmoregulations: paramecium
Definition

cell: hyper

environment: hypo

water: enters

-contractile vacuole pumps water out

Term
osmoregulations: fresh water bony fish
Definition

cells: hyper

environment: hypo

-don't drink water, excrete large volumes of watery urine

Term
marine bony fish
Definition

cells: hypo

environment: hyper

-drink large amounts of water

-gills pump excess salt out

Term
facilitated diffusion
Definition

diffuision of solutes across membrane with help of proteins

-no energy

-high to low concentration

Term
facilitated diffusion
Definition

-proteins are specific

-often involves conformation change of protein

Term
aquaporins
Definition

-transport proteins specific to water

-dramatically increases water movement

Term
active transport
Definition

-requires cellular energy: ATP

-materials move against their gradient  (or due to their size)

-low to high

Term
cotransport
Definition

-requires APT materials

-go from low to high concentration

-cell actively pumps H+ out

-diffusion of H+ back in is coupled with sucrose transport

Term
receptor mediated endocytosis
Definition
for grabbing specific substances
Term
phagocytosis
Definition
grabs food and turns it into a "food pocket"
Term
pinocytosis
Definition
grabs solutes outside of cell and makes a "pocket"
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