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AP Biology
Chapters 24 and 25
56
Biology
12th Grade
05/01/2011

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Term
Mutualism
Definition
A partnership that benefits both or does no harm to both partners
Term
Lichen
Definition
A vegatative body in which a fungus and one or more photosynthetic organisms live together in mutual dependency

Ex: Cyanobacteria
Term
Fungi
Definition
Kingdom of fungi
Term
Saprobes
Definition
Heterotroph that extracts energy and carbon from nonliving organic matter and so causes its decay
Term
Parasite
Definition
Organism that withdraws nutrients from a living host, which it usually does not kill outright
Term
Mycelium
Definition
Underground mesh of tiny, branching filaments; the food-absorbing portion of most fungi
Term
Hypha
Definition
Fungal filament having chitin-reinforced walls; component of a mycelium
Term
Chytrid
Definition
A flagellated intracellular parasite of a fungal group, the microsporidians
Term
Microsporidian
Definition
Intracellular fungal parasite of aquatic habitats that forms flagellated spores; belongs to one of the most ancient eukaryotic lineages
Term
Zygomycetes
Definition
Type of parasitic or saprobic fungus in which diploid zygotes develop into zygospores, a type of thick-walled sexual spore in a thin, clear covering
Term
Sac Fungus
Definition
Fungus that produces sexual spores in sac-shaped cells

Ex: Truffles
Term
Club Fungus
Definition
Fungus that produces sexual spores in a club-shaped cell, a basidium
Term
Zygospore
Definition
Sexual spore of zygomycetes
Term
Basidiospores
Definition
Sexual spore of club fungi
Term
Ascospores
Definition
Sexual spore of sac fungi
Term
Endophytic Fungi
Definition
A fungal symbiont in leaves and stems of most plants. Helpful, neutral, or somtimes harmful effects
Term
Mycorrhiza
Definition
A form of mutualism between a fungus and young plant roots.
Term
Animal
Definition
Any multicelled heterotroph that ingests other organisms or their tissues, develops through a series of embryonic stages, and is motile during part or all of the life cycle. Most species have epithelial tissues and extracellular matrixes
Term
Epithelium
Definition
Animal tissue covering external and internal body surfaces. A key innovation that favored larger, more complex bodies; cells started interacting as functional units
Term
Connective Tissues
Definition
Most abundant type of animal tissue. Soft connective tissues differ in the amounts and arrangements of fibroblasts, fibers, ground substance
Term
Ectoderm
Definition
First-formed, outer primary tissue layer of animal embryos; gives rise to nervous tissues and outer layer of the integument
Term
Endoderm
Definition
Inner primary tissue layer of animal embryos; source of the inner gut lining and organs derived from it
Term
Mesoderm
Definition
Primary tissue layers gives rise to many internal organs and part of the integument; pivotal in the evolution of large, complex animals
Term
Microvillus
Definition
Slender extension from free surface of certain cells; arrays of many microvilli greatly increase the absorptive of secretory surface area of a cell
Term
Choanoflagellates
Definition
Single-celled eukaryote having a microvilli collar around a single flagellum at their anterior end. A sister taxon of animals and fungi
Term
Radial Symmetry
Definition
Animal body plan with four or more roughly equivalent parts around an anterior-posterior axis
Term
Cephalization
Definition
During the evolution of most kinds of animals, the increasing concentration of sensory structures and nerve cells at the anterior end of the body
Term
Protostomes
Definition
A bilateral animal of a branching lineage characterized partly by events in embryonic development, as when the first indentation to form on the early embryo's surface becomes a mouth

Ex: Mullusks, annelids, arthropods
Term
Deuterostomes
Definition
A bilateral animal of a lineage characterized in part by events of embryonic development, as when the second indentation to appear on the early embryo's surface becomes the mouth

Ex: Echinoderm, chordate
Term
Coelum
Definition
Between the gut and body wall, a cavity lined with peritoneum
Term
Segmentation
Definition
Of animal body plans, a series of units that may or may not be similar in appearance. Of tubular organs, an oscillating movement produced by rings of circular muscle in the tube wall
Term
Sponges
Definition
Strucurally, the simplest existing animal. Its asymmetrical body has a spicule-reinforced matrix in two cell layers. Its phagocytic collar cells trap food from water flowing through pores in its wall
Term
Larva
Definition
An immature stage between the embryo and adult in the life cycle of many animals
Term
Ediacarans
Definition
One of a diverse collection of tiny multicelled precambrian species having a highly flattened body, sometimes with many unspecialized segments
Term
Nematocysts
Definition
A fluid-filled, jack-in-the-box capsule housed in one of three types of sensory-effector cells in cnidarians.
Term
Mesoglea
Definition
Of cnidarians, a gelatinous matrix with scattered cells between the epidermis and gastrodermis; functions as a buoyant, deformable skeleton
Term
Organ
Definition
Body structure with definite form and function made of more than one tissue
Term
Organ System
Definition
A set of organs that are interacting chemically, physically, or both in a common task
Term
Flatworms (Platyhelminthes)
Definition
One of the simplest existing animals with organ systems that form from three primary tissue layers
Term
Parasites
Definition
Organism that withdraws nutrients from a living host, which it usually does not kill outright
Term
Pharynx
Definition
A muscular tube. Invertebrate chordates use theirs in filter-feeding and respiration. In land vertebrates, it is the entrance to the esophagus and trachea
Term
Ganglion
Definition
Distinct cluster of cell bodies of neurons
Term
Proglottids
Definition
One of many tapeworm body units that bud behind the scolex
Term
Annelids
Definition
A bilateral invertebrate having a highly segmented body; major groups are polychaetes, oligochaetes, and leeches. Except in leeches, segments have clusters of chitin-reinforced bristles
Term
Detritus
Definition
Decaying particles of organic matter
Term
Nerve Cord
Definition
Of bilateral animals, a line of communication, usually paired, that runs parallel with the anterior-posterior axis. In large or long invertebrates, it often has one or more large axons. In chordates, it develops as a hollow, neural tube that gives rise to the spinal cord and brain
Term
Nephridia
Definition
Of some invertebrates, one of many water-regulating units that help control the composition and volume of tissue fluid
Term
Rotifer
Definition
Bilateral, cephalized animal with a false coelom and a crown of cilia
Term
Mollusk
Definition
Only invertebrate with a mantle draped over a soft, fleshy visceral mass; most have an external or internal shell
Term
Mantle
Definition
Of mollusks, a tissue draped over the visceral mass. Of Earth, a rocky zone of intermediate density under the crust
Term
Torsion
Definition
A drastic twisting of the body, including the visceral mass, as certain mulluscan embryos develop
Term
Exoskeleton
Definition
An external skeleton

Ex: A hardened cuticle
Term
Molting
Definition
Periodic shedding of worn-out or too-small body structures. Permits an animal to grow in size or renew parts
Term
Metamorphosis
Definition
Major changes in body form of certain animals. Hormonally controlled growth, tissue reorganization, and remodeling of body parts leads to adult form
Term
Echinoderm
Definition
One of the protostomes; a radial invertebrate with some bilateral features and calcified spines or plates on the body wall
Term
Water-Vascular System
Definition
Of echinoderms, a system of tube feet connecting to canals, through which controlled water flow can extend the feet in coordinated ways
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