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AP Biology
Chapters 34 and 35 (Neural Control and Sensory Perception)
92
Biology
12th Grade
04/30/2011

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Term
motor neurons
Definition
relay new signals to effectors- muscles and glands- that carry out responses.
Term
neuroglia
Definition
structurally and metabolically support neurons.
Term
nerve net
Definition
asymmetrically mesh of neurons that controls simple movements (cnidarians).
Term
ganglion
Definition
cluster of nerve cells that function as a local integrating center.
Term
cephalization
Definition
the formation of a head- bilateral nervous systems.
Term
central nervous system
Definition
brain and spinal cord (vertebrates).
Term
peripheral nervous system
Definition
the nerves extending through the rest of the body.
Term
afferent sensory fibers
Definition
deliver signals to the central system.
Term
efferent sensory fibers
Definition
carry signals out of the central system.
Term
sensory neuron
Definition
detects a stimulus at one or more receptor endings and relays info about it to other neurons.
Term
interneurons
Definition
receive, process, and store sensory information and they interact to integrate most of the responses to it.
Term
dendrites
Definition
neuron cell fiber, input zone where signals arrive.
Term
axons
Definition
neuron cell fiber, input zone where signals arrive. most have branched endings that are output zones- action potentials changed into signals to be sent to other cells.
Term
resting membrane potential
Definition
steady voltage difference across the neuron's plasma membrane.
Term
action potential
Definition
the electric gradient briefly reverses itself in an abrupt response to stimulation. it sets in motion a series of fleeting reversals that travel from input to output zone.
Term
sodium-potassium pumps
Definition
maintain the ion gradients and restore them after they have been reversed during an action potential.
Term
chemical synapse
Definition
the functional bridge between a neuron and some other cell.
Term
neurotransmitter
Definition
a type of signaling molecule that is synthesized in neurons only.
Term
excitatory effect
Definition
it can drive the membrane toward the threshold of an action potential.
Term
inhibitory effect
Definition
pulls the membrane away from the threshold of an action potential.
Term
neuromuscular junction
Definition
a type of chemical synapse between a motor neuron and a skeletal muscle fiber.
Term
acetylcholine
Definition
released by a motor neuron, binds to membrane receptors on muscle fibers.
Term
synaptic integration
Definition
a postsynaptic neuron sums all signals that are arriving at its input zone on more than one communication line.
Term
norepinephrine, epinephrine, dopamine
Definition
neurotransmitters made from the amino acid tyrosine. (n and e) prime the body to respond to stress and (d) affects fine motor control and pleasure-seeking behaviors.
Term
serotonin
Definition
neurotransmitter that affects mood and memory.
Term
gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA)
Definition
the major inhibitor of neurotransmitter release by other neurons.
Term
neuromodulators
Definition
magnify or reduce the effects of neurotransmitters on neurons.
Term
enkephalins and endorphins
Definition
natural pain killers.
Term
neuroglial cells
Definition
the framework that holds neurons in place.
Term
growth factor
Definition
a type of signaling molecule secreted from one cell that targets receptors on another cell which responds by dividing or differentiating.
Term
myelin sheath
Definition
an electronic insulator that speeds the propagation of action potentials.
Term
reflex
Definition
a movement or response to a stimulus that happens automatically, no thought required.
Term
muscle spindles
Definition
input zones of certain sensory neurons. their endings run parallel with the muscle (mainly used in stretching movements).
Term
somatic nerves
Definition
relays information from receptors to the skin, tendons, and skeletal muscles to the central nervous system.
Term
autonomic nerves
Definition
relay information to and from the viscera- soft internal organs.
Term
sympathetic neurons
Definition
most active in times of stress, excitement, and danger.
Term
parasympathetic neurons
Definition
most active in times of relaxation.
Term
fight or flight response
Definition
when signals help put you in a state of intense arousal, primed to fight or make a fast get away.
Term
spinal cord
Definition
connects the peripheral nervous system with the brain and controls some reflexes.
Term
meninges
Definition
the coverings of the spinal cord and brain.
Term
brain stem
Definition
the most ancient nervous tissue- persists in all 3 regions of the brain and the spinal cord as well.
Term
medulla oblongata
Definition
reflex centers for respiration, circulation, and other essential tasks.
Term
cerebellum
Definition
uses inputs from the sensory organs, muscle spindles, and forebrain regions to help control motor skills and posture.
Term
pons
Definition
controls signal flow between the cerebellum and the forebrain.
Term
cerebrum
Definition
the two cerebral hemispheres
Term
thalamus
Definition
forebrain center for sorting out sensory input and relaying it to the cerebrum.
Term
hypothalamus
Definition
the main center for homeostatic control of the internal environment. assesses and regulates all behaviors related to internal organ activities and the related emotions.
Term
blood-brain barrier
Definition
protects the spinal cord and the brain from harmful substances.
Term
cerebral cortex
Definition
the gray matter at the surface of each lobe of the brain.
Term
limbic system
Definition
encircles the upper brain stem. governs emotions, memory, and correlates organ activities with self gratifying behavior.
Term
reticular formation
Definition
a low level path to motor centers in the medulla oblongata and spinal cord.
Term
drug addiction
Definition
a form of chemical dependence.
Term
stimulants
Definition
drugs that make you alert then depress you.
Term
depressants
Definition
drugs that sedate.
Term
hypnotics
Definition
induce sleep.
Term
analgesics
Definition
natural pain killers (ex.) endorphins.
Term
hallucinogens
Definition
drugs that alter the user's sensory perception.
Term
stimulus
Definition
a form of energy that activates receptor endings of a sensory neuron.
Term
mechanoreceptors
Definition
detect forms of mechanical energy (changes in pressure, position, acceleration).
Term
pain receptors
Definition
detect damage to tissues.
Term
thermoreceptors
Definition
sensitive to heat or cold.
Term
chemoreceptors
Definition
detect chemical energy of substances dissolved in the fluid bathing them.
Term
osmoreceptors
Definition
detect changes in the solute levels of some body fluid.
Term
photoreceptors
Definition
detect differences in the energy of visible and ultraviolet light.
Term
sensory adaptation
Definition
a diminishing response to an ongoing stimulus.
Term
free nerve endings
Definition
the unmyelinated or thinly myelinated branched endings of sensory neurons in skin and internal tissues.
Term
encapsulated receptors
Definition
(near the body's surface) detect somatic sensations.
Term
pain
Definition
the perception of a tissue injury.
Term
referred pain
Definition
the perception of visceral sensations as somatic sensations.
Term
olfactory receptors
Definition
fire off signals when they are exposed to water- soluble or volatile chemicals.
Term
pheromones
Definition
signaling molecules secreted by one individual that change the social behavior of other individuals of its species.
Term
taste receptors
Definition
on antennae, legs, or tentacles, or inside the mouth. detects sweet, sour, salty, bitter, and umami tastes.
Term
vestibular apparatus
Definition
in each ear. consists of two sacs; the utricle and saccule. in this system many mechanoreceptors are stimulated whenever you move about or rotate your head.
Term
amplitude of a sound
Definition
corresponds to loudness or intensity.
Term
frequency of a sound
Definition
the number of wave cycles per second.
Term
outer ear
Definition
adapted for gathering sounds from the air.
Term
middle ear
Definition
amplifies and transmits air waves to the inner ear (eardrum).
Term
inner ear
Definition
has a vestibular apparatus (to detect mechanoreceptor stimuli). also has a cochlea- transduction of waves of sound into action potentials.
Term
hair cells
Definition
a type of acoustical receptor having a tuft of modified cilia at one end.
Term
vision
Definition
requires eyes and image perception in brain centers that can interpret patterns of visual stimulation.
Term
eyes
Definition
sensory organs that contain a tissue of many densely packed photoreceptors.
Term
visual field
Definition
the part of the outside world that the eye sees.
Term
eye lens
Definition
helps image formation- bends all light rays from a given point in the visual field so that they converge onto photoreceptors.
Term
compound eyes
Definition
have many closely packed rhabdomeric units.
Term
camera eyes
Definition
light enters the interior, a dark chamber, through the pupil, then to the retina.
Term
retina
Definition
a tissue with many photoreceptors.
Term
pupil
Definition
an opening in a ring of contractile tissue called the iris. the entrance for light.
Term
sclera
Definition
the dense fibrous "white" of an eye- protects most of the eyeball.
Term
cornea
Definition
made of transparent collagen fibers- covers what the sclera does not.
Term
visual accommodation
Definition
the lens position or its shape are adjusted in ways that focus all incoming rays onto the retina.
Term
rod cells
Definition
detect very dim light and are the basis for coarse perception of movement across a visual field.
Term
cone cells
Definition
detect bright light and are the basis of sharp vision and color perception.
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