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AP Biology Notecards: Chapters 22-24: H-V
Notecards from chapters 22-24 of Biology: Sixth Edition by Campbell & Reece.
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Biology
12th Grade
01/18/2012

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Term
Hardy-Weinberg Law
Definition
An axiom maintaining that the sexual shuffling of genes alone cannot alter the overall genetic makeup of a population.
Term
Heterozygous Advantage
Definition
Greater reproductive success of heterozygous individuals compared to homozygotes; tends to preserve variation in gene pools.
Term
Homologous Structures
Definition
Structures in different species that are similar because of common ancestry.
Term
Molecular Homologies
Definition
Similarity of the nucleotide sequences of DNA or RNA molecules, or the amino acid sequences of proteins.
Term
Mutation
Definition
A rare change in the DNA of a gene ultimately creating genetic diversity.
Term
Natural Selection
Definition
Differential success in the reproduction of different phenotypes resulting from the interaction of organisms with their environment.
Term
Parallel Evolution
Definition
Parallel evolution is the development of a similar trait in related, but distinct, species descending from the same ancestor, but from different groups of species.
Term
Polymorphism
Definition
The coexistence of two or more distinct forms of individuals in the same population.
Term
Punctuated Equilibrium
Definition
A theory of evolution advocating spurts of relatively rapid change followed by long periods of stasis.
Term
Relative Fitness
Definition
The contribution of one genotype to the next generation compared to that of alternative genotypes for the same locus.
Term
Sexual Dimorpism
Definition
A special case of polymorphism based on the distinction between the secondary sex characteristics of males and females
Term
Sexual Selection
Definition
Selection based on variation in the secondary sex characteristics, leading to the enhancement of sexual dimorphism.
Term
Speciation
Definition
The origin of new species in evolution.
Term
Species
Definition
A group whose members possess similar anatomical characteristics and have the ability to interbreed.
Term
Stabilizing Selection
Definition
Natural selection that favors intermediate variants by acting against extreme phenotypes.
Term
Sympatric Speciation
Definition
A mode of speciation occurring as a result of a radical change in the genome of a subpopulattion, reproductively isolating the subpopulation from the parent population.
Term
Vestigial Structures
Definition
Sstructures of marginal, if any, importance to an organism. They are historical remnants of structures that had important functions in ancestors.
Term
Prezygotic Barriers
Definition
A reproductive barrier that impedes mating between species or hinders fertilization of ova if interspecific mating is attempted.
Term
Habitat Isolation
Definition
The species remain isolated because they breed in different habitats.
Term
Behavioral Isolation
Definition
The species have differences in mating rituals.
Term
Temporal Isolation
Definition
When different species reproduce at different times.
Term
Mechanical Isolation
Definition
The species are physically unable to reproduce.
Term
Gametic Isolation
Definition
The gametes of the two species are chemically incompatible.
Term
Postzygotic Barriers
Definition
Any of several species-isolating mechanisms that prevent hybrids produced by two different species from developing into viable, fertile adults.
Term
Reduced Hybrid Viability
Definition
The offspring do not survive.
Term
Reduced Hybrid Fertility
Definition
The hybrids survive, but are infertile (can't reproduce).
Term
Hybrid Breakdown
Definition
2nd generation offspring are weak, sterile and can't/don't reproduce.
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