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AP Biology Notecards: Chapters 16-17
Vocab words from Chapter 16 and 17 of "Biology: Sixth Edition" by Campbell and Reece.
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Biology
12th Grade
12/08/2011

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Term
Sex-linked Genes
Definition
Genes located on sex chromosomes.
Term
Linked Genes
Definition
Genes located on the same chromosome that are inherited together in genetic crosses because the chromosome is passed along as a unit.
Term
Genetic Recombination
Definition
The general term for the production of offspring with new combinations of traits inherited from the two parents.
Term
Genetic Map
Definition
An ordered list of genetic loci (genes or other genetic markers) along a chromosome.
Term
Linkage Map
Definition
A genetic map based on the frequencies of recombination between markers during crossing over of homologous chromosomes.
Term
Map Units
Definition
A measurement of the distance between genes; one ma unit is equivalent to a 1% recombination frequency.
Term
Barr Body
Definition
A dense object lying along the inside of the nuclear envelope in female mammalian cells, representing an inactivated X chromosome.
Term
Nondisjunction
Definition
An accident of meiosis or mitosis, in which the members of fa pair of homologous chromosomes or sister chromatids fail to move apart properly.
Term
Aneuploidy
Definition
A chromosomal aberration in which certain chromosomes are present in extra copies or are deficient in number.
Term
Polyploidy
Definition
A chromosomal alteration in which the organism possesses more than two complete chromosome sets.
Term
Fragile X Syndrome
Definition
A hereditary mental disorder, partially explained by genomic imprinting and the addition of nucleotides to a triplet repeat near the end of an X chromosome.
Term
Bacteriophages
Definition
Viruses that infect bacteria; also called phages.
Term
Duplication
Definition
An aberration in chromosome structure resulting from an error in meiosis or mutagens; otherwise resulting from fusion with a fragment from a homologous chromosome.
Term
Inversion
Definition
An aberration in chromosome structure resulting from a error in meiosis or from mutagens; specifically, reattachment of a chromosomal fragment to the chromosome from which the fragment originated, but in a reverse orientation.
Term
Deletion
Definition
A deficiency in a chromosome resulting from the loss of a fragment through breakage; a mutational loss of one or more nucleotide pairs from a gene.
Term
Translocation
Definition
An aberration in chromosome structure resulting from an error in meiosis or from mutagens; specifically, attachment of a chromosomal fragment to a nonhomologous chromosome.
Term
Transformation
Definition
The conversion of a normal animal cell to a cancerous cell; a change in genotype and phenotype due to the assimilation of external DNA by a cell.
Term
Semi-conservative DNA Model
Definition
Type of DNA replication in which the replicated double helix consists of one old strand, derived from the old molecule, and one newly made strand.
Term
Origins of Replication
Definition
Sites where the replication of a DNA molecule begin.
Term
Replication Fork
Definition
A Y-shaped region on a replicating DNA molecule where new strands are growing.
Term
DNA Polymerase
Definition
An enzyme that catalyzes the elongatoin of new DNA at a replication fork by the addition of nucleotides to the existing chain.
Term
DNA Ligase
Definition
A linking enzyme esssential for DNA replication; catalyzes the covalent bonding of the 3' end of a new DNA fragment to the 5' end of a growing chain.
Term
Leading Strand
Definition
The nex continuous complementary DNA strand synthesized along the template strand in the mandatory 5' -> 3' direction.
Term
Lagging Strand
Definition
A discontinously synthesized DNA strand that elongates in a direction away from the replication fork.
Term
Primase
Definition
An enzyme that joins RNA nucleotides to make the primer.
Term
Primer
Definition
An already existing RNA chain bound to template DNA to which DNA nucleotides are added during DNA synthesis.
Term
Helicase
Definition
An enzyme that untwists the double helix of DNA at the replication forks.
Term
Okazaki Fragment
Definition
Separate sections of formed parts of the lagging strand.
Term
Telomerase
Definition
An enzyme that catalyzes the lengthening of telomeres. Includes a molecule of RNA that serves as a template for new telomere segments.
Term
Telomere
Definition
The protective structure at each end of a eukaryotic chromosome. Specifically, the tandemly repetitive DNA at the end of the chromosome's DNA molecule.
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