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AP Biology Flash Cards
AP Biology Final Review
88
Biology
11th Grade
04/23/2010

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Term
Energy
Definition

capacity to do work

it takes work to maintain the organization of the cell and the organism

Term
Metabolism
Definition
all the chemical reactions that occur in a cell
Term
Photosynthesis
Definition
a process that transforms solar energy into chemical energy
Term
Homesostasis
Definition
the maintenance of internal conditions within certain boundaries
Term
reproduce
Definition
the process of making another organism like itself
Term
Adaptations
Definition
modifications that make organisms suited to their way of life
Term
Population
Definition
all the members of a species
Term
biosphere
Definition
all communites taken together make up the biosphere
Term
ecosystem
Definition
ordered arrangement
Term
biodiversity
Definition
number and size of populations in a community
Term
Taxonomy
Definition
the discipline of identifying and classifying organisms according to certain rules
Term
Inductive Reasoning
Definition
occurs when a person uses isolated facts and creative thinking to come up with a possible explanation
Term
Deductive Reasoning
Definition
begins with a general statement that infers a specific conclusion.
Term
Variable
Definition
a factor that can cause an observable to change during the experiment
Term
Elements
Definition
basic substances
Term
Atomic Symbol
Definition
Stands for the name of the element
Term
Protons
Definition
Located within the nucleus of an atom, have a positive charge
Term
Neutrons
Definition
Located within the nucleus have a neutral charge
Term
Electrons
Definition
Located outside of the nuclues, negative charge
Term
Atomic Mass
Definition
Equal to the sum of of its protons and neutrons
Term
Atomic Numbers
Definition
All atoms of an element have the same number of protons. This number is the atomic number
Term
Isotopes
Definition

The same element with different neutron numbers but same proton number.

 

ex. carbon always have 6 protons but it can have 7 neutrons. which makes it 13C

Term
Radoactive Isotope
Definition
Carbon 14
Term
Electron Shell
Definition

Surronding the element.

 

1913 Niels Bohr

Term
Orbital
Definition
Voulme of space where rapidly moving electron is statistically predicted to be formed
Term
Compound
Definition
When atoms of two or more different elements react or bond together
Term
Molecule
Definition
smallest part of a compound
Term
Ionic Bond
Definition

Ionic compounds are held together by and attraction between the charged ions.

 

ex; Na+Cl-

Term
Covalent Bond
Definition
When two atoms share electrons
Term
Functional Groups
Definition
clusters of certain atoms that always behave a certain way
Term
Condensation Synthesis
Definition
when monomers join a hydroxyl (oh group)
Term
Monosaccharides
Definition
Simple sugars with a carbon backbone of 3 to 7 carbon atoms
Term
Carbohydrates
Definition
Molecules that bear many hydroxyl groups
Term
Glucose
Definition
located in the blood of animals
Term
Fructose
Definition
frequently found in fruits
Term
Ribose and Deoxyriobose
Definition

5 carbon sugars

found in nucleic acids

Term
Polysaccharides
Definition

long polymers of monosaccharides  formed by condensation synthesis

most common; starch, glycogen and cellulose

Term
Cellulose
Definition

contains glucose molecules

 

Term
Chitin
Definition
Polymer of glucose. Found in exoskeleton of crabs and lobsters
Term
Fatty Acids
Definition
Consists of a long hydrocarbon chain with a carboxyl group at one end
Term
Saturated Fats
Definition
no double bonds between the carbon atoms
Term
Unsaturated Fats
Definition
Have double bonds between the carbons
Term
Glycerol
Definition

compound with 3 hydroxyl groups

 

hydroxyl groups are polar which means they're soluable in water

Term
Phospholipids
Definition
contain a phosphate group. theyre constructed like neutral fats
Term
Steroids
Definition
Lipids that have an entirely different structure from that of fats. Have four fused carbon rings
Term
Proteins
Definition
composed of one of more polypetides which are polymers of amino acids
Term
Amino Acid
Definition
has a carbon atom bonded to one hydrogen atom.
Term
Peptide Bonds
Definition
Link amino acids
Term
Peptide
Definition
two or more amino acids bonded together
Term
Polypeptide
Definition
chain of amino acids bonded by a peptide bond
Term
Nucleic Acids
Definition
Polymers of nucleotides with very specific functions in cells
Term
Complementary Base Pairing
Definition

A is always bonded with T

C is always bonded with G

Term
Cell Wall
Definition
contains peptidoglycan, a complex molecule with chains of unique amino disaccharide
Term
Capsule
Definition
Futher surronds the cell wall in some bacteria
Term
Slime Layer
Definition
gelatinous sheath
Term
plasma membrane
Definition
regulates the movement of molecules into and out of the cytoplasm
Term
Cytoplasm
Definition
in prokaryotic cells consists of cytosol; a semifluid medium.
Term
Ribosomes 
Definition
small bodies that coordinate the synthesis of proteins
Term
plasmids
Definition
small accessory rings of DNA
Term
thylakoids
Definition
membranes of flattened disks
Term
eukaryotic cells
Definition
cells that contain a true nucleus
Term
organelles
Definition
small bodies each with a specific structure and function
Term
Cell Wall
Definition

contains cellulose fibrils

supports and protects plant cells

Term
Nucleus
Definition
Storage of genetic information.Synthesis of RNA and DNA
Term
Nucelolus
Definition
Where ribosomes are formed
Term
Ribosomes
Definition
Protein Synthesis
Term
ER (endoplasmic reticulum)
Definition
synthesis and modification of proteins and substances and transport by vesicle formation
Term
Rough ER
Definition
Protein Synthesis
Term
Smooth ER
Definition
Various lipid synthesis in some cells
Term
Golgi Apparatus
Definition
processing, packaging and distribution of proteins and lipids
Term
Vacoule
Definition
storage of substances
Term
Lysosomes
Definition
intracellular digestion
Term
Peroxisomes
Definition
Various metabolic tasks
Term
Mitochondrion
Definition
cellular respiration
Term
Chloroplast
Definition
Photosynthesis
Term
Cytoskeleton
Definition
Shape of cell and movement of its parts
Term
Cilia and flagelia
Definition
movement of cell
Term
Centriole
Definition
Formation of basal bodies
Term
Stroma
Definition
fluid that bounds the two membranes of the chloroplast
Term
Actin Filaments
Definition
are long extremly thin fibers that occur in bundles or meshlike metworks
Term
Intermediate Filaments
Definition
are intermediate in size between actin filaments and microtubles. They are a ropelike assembly of fibrous polypeptides.
Term
Microtubules
Definition

small hollow cylinders about 25nm in diameter from .2-25 um 8um in length.

Theyre made of globular protein called tubulin.

Term
Centrioles
Definition
are short cylinders with a 9 + 0 pattern of microtubule triplets that is a ring having nine sets of triplets with none in the middle.
Term
Definition
1972; S. Singer and G. Nicolson. that proposes in part that the membrane is a fluid phospholipid bilayer in which protein molecules are either partically or wholly embedded.
Term
phospholipids
Definition
located in the plasma membrane. theyre known to arrange themselves spontaneously into a bilayer.
Term
Glycolipids
Definition
have a structure similar to phospholipids except that the hydrophilic head is a variety of sugars join to form a straight or branching carbohydrate chain
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