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AP Bio. Chapters 11-15
Flashcards for Mr. Richards' AP Biology test over Chapters 11, 12, 13, 14, and 15
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Biology
11th Grade
10/30/2012

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Term
What is reception?
Definition
the target cell's detection of a signal molecule coming from outside the cell
Term
What is transduction?
Definition
the conversion of the signal to a form that can bring about a specific cellular response
Term
What is response?
Definition
the specific cellular response to the signal molecule
Term
What kind of cellular communication is essential for multicellular organisms?
Definition
cell-to-cell
Term
What is a signal transduction pathway?
Definition
is a series of steps where a signal on a cell's surface is converted into a specific cellular response
Term
What do pathway similarities suggest?
Definition
according to evolutionists, they suggest that ancestral signaling molecules developed into prokaryotes which later developed into eukaryotes
Term
What are local regulators?
Definition
messenger molecules that travel only short distances
Term
What are hormones?
Definition
chemicals in plants and animals that are used to send long-distance signals
Term
How do cells in a multicellular organism communicate?
Definition
by chemical messengers
Term
What do cell junctions in animals and plants do?
Definition
directly connet the cytoplasm of adjacent cells
Term
What are two types of local signaling?
Definition
direct contact or cell-cell recognition
Term
Who discovered how the hormone epinephrine acts on cells?
Definition
Sutherladn
Term
What are the three processes that cells go through to receive signals?
Definition
Reception, Transduction, and Response
Term
What is a ligand?
Definition
a signal molecule
Term
What is the binding between a signal molecule and a receptor like?
Definition
highly specific
Term
What is often the initial transduction of the signal?
Definition
the shape change
Term
What are most signal receptors?
Definition
plasma membrane proteins
Term
What kind of signal molecules bind to specific sites on receptor proteins in the plasma membrane?
Definition
water-soluble
Term
What are the 3 main types of membrane receptors?
Definition
G-protein-coupled receptors

Receptor tyrosine kinases

Ion channel receptors
Term
What is a G protein-coupled receptor?
Definition
a plasma membrane receptor that works with the help of a G protein
Term
What does a G protein do?
Definition
acts as an on/off switch
Term
What makes the G protein inactive?
Definition
when GDP binds to it
Term
What is a receptor tyrosine kinases?
Definition
membrane receptors that attach phosphates to tyrosines
Term
What can a receptor tyrosine kinases do?
Definition
trigger multiple signal transduction pathways at once
Term
What is a ligand-gate ion channel?
Definition
a channel protein that stays open or closed and only changes when a ligand is detected; only allows specific ions through a channel in the receptor
Term
What kind of messengers can readily cross the membrane and activate receptors?
Definition
small or hydorphobic chemical messengers
Term
What are intracellular receptors?
Definition
receptors that are found inside the plasma membrane in the cytoplasm or nucleus
Term
What do plasma membrane receptors bind to?
Definition
water-soluble ligands
Term
What is protein kinases?
Definition
transfers phosphates from ATP to protein
Term
What is phosphorylation?
Definition
the process where ATP is converted into a protein
Term
What does a phosphorylation cascade do?
Definition
greatly enhances the signal and allows a large cellular response
Term
What is protein phosphatases?
Definition
things that remove phosphates from proteins
Term
What is dephosphorylation?
Definition
the process of phosphates being removed from proteins
Term
What do phosphorylation and dephosphorylation act as?
Definition
a molecular switch to turn activities on or off
Term
What signal molecule is referred to as the first messenger?
Definition
the extracellular signal molecule that binds to the receptor
Term
What is a second messenger?
Definition
small, nonprotein water-soluble molecules or ions
Term
How do second messengers spread throughout the cell?
Definition
through diffusion
Term
What pathways are second messengers found on?
Definition
ones initiated by G protein-coupled receptors and receptor tyrosine kinases
Term
What are two common second messengers?
Definition
Cyclic AMP and calcium ions
Term
Why is calcium an important second messenger?
Definition
because cells can regulatea its concentration
Term
How do signaling pathways regulate the synthesis of enzyme or other proteins?
Definition
by turning genes on or off in the nucleus
Term
What are two important benefits that multistep pathways have?
Definition
1. amplifying the signal=response
2. Contributing to the specificity of the response
Term
What are scaffolding proteins?
Definition
large relay proteins to which other relay proteins are attached
Term
What does the final activation molecule often act as?
Definition
as a transcription factor
Term
What is apoptosis?
Definition
programmed or controlled cell suicide
Term
Why is apoptosis important in embryonic development?
Definition
because it helps shape an organism
Term
What are proteases?
Definition
enzymes that cut up proteins
Term
What is the main protease that carries out apoptosis?
Definition
Caspases
Term
What are 3 things that can trigger apoptosis?
Definition
1. extracellular death-signaling ligand
2. DNA damage in the nucleus
3. Protein misfolding in the endoplasmic reticulum
Term
What is the major difthe effect of G Protein-coupled receptors and Receptor tyrosine kinases?
Definition
G-Protein C. R. can only cause one response at a time while Receptor T. K. can produce a bumch of signals/responses at the same time
Term
What is a kinase?
Definition
any enzyme that causes phosphorylation
Term
What is a protease?
Definition
any enzyme that breaks apart a protein
Term
What is a nuclease?
Definition
any enzyme that breaks down nucleic acid
Term
What are the steps in the G Protein-coupled receptors?
Definition
a G-Protein receives a ligand and becomes activated. It phosphorates a GDP to a GTP which then activates an enzyme. The enzyme then hydrolyzes GTP to GDP and the process begins again
Term
What is the cell cycle?
Definition
the life of a cell from the time it is first formed from a divided parent cll until its own division into two cells
Term
Why do multicelluar organisms depend on cell division?
Definition
1. development from a fertilized cel
2. Growth
3. Repair
4. Asexual Reproduction
Term
What is cell division?
Definition
the reproduction of cells
Term
What is a genome?
Definition
all the DNA in a cell
Term
What are chromosomes?
Definition
the packages of DNA molecules in a cell
Term
What does mitosis result in?
Definition
2 daughter cells that are genetically identical to each other and the parent cell
Term
What happens in Meiosis?
Definition
the formation of gamets (or spores)
Term
Where does mitosis occur?
Definition
in somatic cells
Term
Where does meiosis occur?
Definition
in gonads (sex cells)
Term
What are somatic cells?
Definition
cells that have two sets of chromosomes
Term
What is a cell that has two sets of chromosomes called?
Definition
diploid
Term
What are gametes?
Definition
reproductive cells:sperm and eggs
Term
What kind of cells are gametes?
Definition
haploid
Term
What is chromatin?
Definition
a complex DNA and protein that condenses during cell division
Term
How many times does DNA replicate in Mitosis?
Definition
once
Term
How many times does DNA replicate in meiosis?
Definition
once
Term
How many times does the cell split in mitosis?
Definition
Once
Term
How many times does the cell split in meiosis?
Definition
twice
Term
What does mitosis form?
Definition
2 daughter cells
Term
What does meiosis form?
Definition
4 gametes
Term
What is the chromosome number for mitosis?
Definition
2n
Term
What is the chromosome number for meiosis?
Definition
n
Term
What is synapsis?
Definition
when the homologous pairs line up
Term
Why does synapsis occur in mitosis?
Definition
It doesnt not occur
Term
Why does crossing over and synapsis occur in meiosis?
Definition
during Prophase I
Term
What is Karyokinesis?
Definition
the same as cytokinesis, where the cell splits
Term
What is Quarum sensing?
Definition
if there is not a cell next to cell A, cell A will reproduce another cell
Term
What are the 3 types of local signaling?
Definition
Gap junctions
Cell junctions
Cell-Cell Recognition
Term
What is the first step before mitosis can begin?
Definition
the DNA is replicated
Term
What are sister chromatids?
Definition
duplicated chromosomes that separate during cell division
Term
What does Mitosis divide?
Definition
the nucleus
Term
What does cytokinesis divide?
Definition
the cytoplasm
Term
What kind of gametes does meiosis produce?
Definition
non identical
Term
Who developed dypes to observe chromosomes during mitosis?
Definition
Flemming
Term
What are the two major phases?
Definition
Mitotic Phase and Interphase
Term
How is interphase divided up?
Definition
G1 Phase
S phase
G2 Phase
Term
What happens in interphase?
Definition
cell growth and the copying of chromosomes to prepare for cell division
Term
What part of interphase are the chromosomes duplicated?
Definition
S phase
Term
How is the Mitotic stage divided?
Definition
1. Prophase
2. Metaphase
3. Anaphase
4. Telophase
Term
What is Quarum sensing?
Definition
if there is not a cell next to cell A, cell A will reproduce another cell
Term
What are the 3 types of local signaling?
Definition
Gap junctions
Cell junctions
Cell-Cell Recognition
Term
What is the first step before mitosis can begin?
Definition
the DNA is replicated
Term
What are sister chromatids?
Definition
duplicated chromosomes that separate during cell division
Term
What does Mitosis divide?
Definition
the nucleus
Term
What does cytokinesis divide?
Definition
the cytoplasm
Term
What kind of gametes does meiosis produce?
Definition
non identical
Term
Who developed dypes to observe chromosomes during mitosis?
Definition
Flemming
Term
What are the two major phases?
Definition
Mitotic Phase and Interphase
Term
How is interphase divided up?
Definition
G1 Phase
S phase
G2 Phase
Term
What happens in interphase?
Definition
cell growth and the copying of chromosomes to prepare for cell division
Term
What part of interphase are the chromosomes duplicated?
Definition
S phase
Term
How is the Mitotic stage divided?
Definition
1. Prophase
2. Metaphase
3. Anaphase
4. Telophase
Term
What are spindle fibers?
Definition
microtubules that control chromsome movement during mitosis
Term
What happens during prophase in mitosis?
Definition
1. spindle fibers being to assemble at the centrosomes
2. chromosomes line up into sister chromatids
3. the nuclear envelope begins to disolve
Term
What is an aster?
Definition
a radial array of short microtubules that extends from each centrosome
Term
What happens at metaphase?
Definition
the chromosomes are all lined up at the metaphase plate
Term
What is the metaphase plate?
Definition
the midway point between the spindle's two poles
Term
What happens during anaphase?
Definition
sister chromatids separate and move along the kinetochore microtubules toward opposite ends of the cell
Term
How do microtubules shorten themselves?
Definition
by depolymerizing at their kinetochore ends
Term
What is a kinetochore?
Definition
where the spindle fibers attach to the chromosome
Term
What happens in telophase?
Definition
genetically identical daughter nuclei form at opposite ends of the cell
Term
What happens in cytokinesis?
Definition
the cell splits appart
Term
What is cleavage in mitosis?
Definition
the division of the cell/the imaginary line that the cell divides along
Term
How do plant cells carry out cytokinesis?
Definition
a cell plate forms between the two daughter cells
Term
How do prokaryotes reproduce?
Definition
through binary fission
Term
What happens in binary fission?
Definition
the chromosome replicates and the two daughter chromosomes actively move apart
Term
What is the difference between the chromosomes in binary fission and the ones in mitosis/meiosis?
Definition
the ones in mitosis/meiosis are lines while the ones in binary fission are circles
Term
What is the origin of replication?
Definition
the point at which the circular chromosome starts to replicate itself
Term
What is the frequency of cell division dependent on?
Definition
the type of cell
Term
What drives the cell cycle?
Definition
specific chemical signals present in the cytoplasm
Term
What is the cell cycle control system?
Definition
the thing that directs the sequential events of the cell cycle
Term
What regulate sthe cell cycle control system?
Definition
internal and external controls
Term
What are the two types of regulatory proteins?
Definition
cyclins and cyclin dependent kinases
Term
What is MDF (maturation-promoting factor
Definition
is a cylin-Cdk complex that triggers a cell's passage past to the G2 checkpoint into the Mphase
Term
What are growth factors?
Definition
proteins released by certain cerlls that stimulate other cells to divide
Term
What is an example of external signals where crowxded cells must stop dividing?
Definition
density-depending
Term
What is anchorage dependence?
Definition
must be attached to a sunstratum in order to divide
Term
What is transformation?
Definition
when a normal cell is converted to a cancerous cell
Term
What is a benign turmor
Definition
a collection of abnormal cells that remain at the original site
Term
What are malignant tumors?
Definition
tumors that invade other surrounding tissues and can metastasize
Term
What is metastasize?
Definition
exporting cancer cells to other parts of the body
Term
What are genetics?
Definition
the scientific study of heredity and variation
Term
What is heredity?
Definition
the transmission of traits from one generation to the next
Term
What is variation?
Definition
the differences in appearance that ofspring show from parents and siblings
Term
What are genes?
Definition
the units of heredity and are made up of segments of DNA
Term
What are gametes?
Definition
genes passed to the next generation through reproductive cells
Term
What are locus?
Definition
the specific location of genes on a certain chromosome
Term
How many chromosomes are inherited from each parent?
Definition
one set
Term
What is asexual reproduction?
Definition
where one parent produces genetically identical offspring by mitosis
Term
What is a clone?
Definition
a group of genetically identical individuals from the same parent
Term
What is sexual reproduction?
Definition
two parents give rise to offspring that have unique combinations of genes inherited from the two parents
Term
What is the life cycle?
Definition
the generation-to-generation sequence of stages in the reproductive history of an organism
Term
How many chromosomes do humans have?
Definition
46 chromosomes
Term
How may pairs of chromosomes do humans have?
Definition
23 pairs
Term
What is a karyotype?
Definition
an ordered display of the pairs of chromosomes from a cell
Term
What are homologous pairs?
Definition
two chromosomes in each pair
Term
What makes chromosomes homologous pairs?
Definition
they are the same length and carry genes controlling the same inherited characters, with the exception of the sex determing chromosomes
Term
What cells in humans have 23 pairs of chromosomes?
Definition
somatic cells
Term
What are sex chromosomes?
Definition
the X and Y chromosomes that determine the gender of the offspring
Term
What are autosomes?
Definition
the 22 pairs of chromosomes taht do not determine the gender
Term
Where do the chromosomes from the homologous pairs come from?
Definition
one from each parent
Term
What does each set of replicated chromosomes have?
Definition
two identical sister chromatids
Term
What is fertilization?
Definition
the union of gametes
Term
What is a zygote?
Definition
the fertilized egg that has one set of chromosomes from each parent
Term
What are the only type of human cells produced by meiosis?
Definition
gametes
Term
What does meiosis result in?
Definition
one set of chromosomes in each gamete
Term
What is the alternation of generations?
Definition
in plants and some algae where the life cycle includes both a diploid and haploid multicellular stage
Term
What is a diploid organism that produces spores called?
Definition
sporophyte
Term
What is the haploid organism that is produced from a spore called?
Definition
gametophyte
Term
How does a gametophyte make gametes?
Definition
by mitosis
Term
What are the only cells that can go through meiosis?
Definition
diploid cells
Term
What happens before meiosis?
Definition
the replication of chromosomes?
Term
What is the main thing that happens in meiosis one?
Definition
the homologous chromosomes separate
Term
What is the process where the 2 haploid daughter cells formed in meiosis 1 called?
Definition
reductional division
Term
What happens in meiosis 2?
Definition
the sister chromatids separate
Term
How many gametes does meiosis 2 form?
Definition
4 gametes
Term
What is the process where the 4 gametes with unreplicated chromosomes are formed?
Definition
equational division
Term
Where are the sister chromatids joined?
Definition
at the centromere
Term
What happens during prophase 1 in meiosis?
Definition
1. Chromosomes begin to condense
2. homologous chromosomes pair up
3. crossing over takes place
4. Chiasmata form
Term
What is crossing over?
Definition
where non sister chromatids exchange information
Term
what is a chiasmata?
Definition
the X-shaped regions where crossing over occurred
Term
What happens in metaphase 1 in meiosis?
Definition
1. homologous pairs line up
2. Spindle fibers attach to the kinetochores
Term
What happens in anaphase 1 in meiosis?
Definition
1. pairs of homologous chromosomes separate
2. Sister chromatids remain attacted and move towards one pole
Term
What happens in Telophase 1 and cytokinesis in meiosis?
Definition
The cell is divided into two cells that still have the chromosomes paired into sister chromatids
Term
What happens in prophase 2 in meiosis?
Definition
1. spindle fibers form
2. sister chromatids are still likined
Term
What happens in metaphase 2 in meiosis?
Definition
1. sister chromatids line up in the middle of the cell
2. spindle fibers connect to the kinectochores
Term
Why aren't the sister chromatids in meiosis 2 not identical?
Definition
because of crossing over in meiosis 1
Term
What happens in anaphase 2 in meiosis?
Definition
the sister chromatids separate and move toward the poles
Term
What happens in telophasea 2 and cytokinesis in meiosis?
Definition
1. the chromosomes arrive at the poles
2. the nuclei begin to form
3. chromosomes begin to condense
4. cytoplasm is separated
Term
What is the result of meiosis?
Definition
4 haploid cells called gametes
Term
What is responsible for the ability of sister chromatids to stay together using sister chromatid cohesion?
Definition
cohesins
Term
What are cohesins?
Definition
protein complexes
Term
What are mutations?
Definition
changes in the organism's DNA
Term
What are alleles?
Definition
different versions of the genes
Term
What contribute to genetic variation?
Definition
1. independent assortment of chromosomes

2. crossing over

3. random fertilization
4. alternate versions of genes (alleles)
Term
What are recombinant chromosomes?
Definition
a chromosome created when corssoing over combines the DNA from two parents into a single chromosome
Term
What is random fertilization?
Definition
the ability for any sperm to fertilize any ovum
Term
What is the blending hypothesis?
Definition
the idea that genetic material from the two parents blends together
Term
What is the particulate hypothesis?
Definition
the idea that parents pass on discrete genes
Term
What hypothesis did Mendel document during his experiment?
Definition
the particulate hypothesis
Term
Who is the father of genetics?
Definition
Mendel
Term
What are characters?
Definition
distinct heritable features
Term
What are traits?
Definition
detectable variant in a genetic character
Term
What is true-breeding?
Definition
when plants produce the same variety when they self-pollunate
Term
What is hybridization?
Definition
when you mate a homologous dominant with a homologous recessive
Term
What is the P generation?
Definition
the parents that are homologous
Term
What is the F1 generation?
Definition
the hybrid offspring of the P generation
Term
What is the F2 generation?
Definition
the offspring of 2 F1 generation organisms
Term
What is Mendel's first concept of genetics?
Definition
that alternative versions of genes account for variations in inherited characters
Term
What is Mendel's second concept of genetics?
Definition
for each character an organism inherits two allele, one from each parent
Term
What is the dominant allele?
Definition
the allele that is expressed in a heterozygous organism
Term
What is the recessive allele?
Definition
the charateristic that is only expressed when it is homologous
Term
What is Mendel's third concept of genetics?
Definition
if 2 alleles differ, then the dominant allele determines the organism's appearance and the recessive allele has no effect on apppearance
Term
What is Mendel's fourth concept?
Definition
the Law of segregation
Term
What is the Law of segregation?
Definition
states that the two alleles for a heritable character separate during gamete formation and end up in different gametes
Term
What is a punnett square?
Definition
a diagram for predicting the result of a genetic cross between individuals of known genetic makeup
Term
What does it mean for an organism to be homozygous?
Definition
that the organism has two identical alleles for a character
Term
What does it mean for an organism to be heterozygous?
Definition
an organism that has two different alleles for a gene
Term
What is a phenotype?
Definition
the physical appearance
Term
What is the genotype?
Definition
the genetic makeup
Term
What is a testcross?
Definition
breeding the mystery individual with a homozygous recessive individual
Term
What are monohybrids?
Definition
individuals that are heterzygous for one character
Term
What are dihybrids?
Definition
individuals that are heterzygous for both characteristics
Term
What is the Law of independent assortment?
Definition
states that each pair of alleles segregates independently of each other pair of alleles during gamete formation
Term
What genes does the Law of Independent Assortment apply to?
Definition
the genes on different non homologous chromosomes
Term
What is the Multiplication Rule?
Definition
states that the probability that 2 or more independent events will occur together is the product of their individual probabilities
Term
What is the Addition Rule?
Definition
states that the probability that any one of two or more exclusive events will occur is calculated by adding together their individual probabilities
Term
How can inheritance of characters by a single gene deviate?
Definition
1. Alleles are not completely dominant or recessive
2. Gene has more that two alleles
3. Gene produces multiple phenotypes
Term
What is complete dominance?
Definition
occurs when phenotypes of the heterozygote and dominant homozygote are identical
Term
What is incomplete dominance?
Definition
the phenotype of F1 hybrids is somewhere between the phenotypes of the two parental varieties
Term
What is codominance?
Definition
two dominant alleles affect the phenotype in separate distinguishable ways
Term
What is synapses?
Definition
when the homologous pairs combine
Term
What is pleiotropy?
Definition
one gene has more than one phenotype
Term
What is epistasis?
Definition
when a gene at one locus alters the phnotypic expression of a gene at a second locus
Term
What is a polygenic inheritance?
Definition
an additive effect of two or more genes on a singe phenotype
Term
What is norm of reaction?
Definition
the phenotypic range of genotype influenced by the environment
Term
What does it mean if a characteristic is multifactorial?
Definition
genetic and environmental factors collectively influence the phenotype
Term
Why are humans not good subjects for genetic research?
Definition
1. Generation time is too long
2. Parents produce relatively few offspring
3. Breeding experiments are unacceptable
Term
What is a pedigree?
Definition
a family tree that describes the interrelationships of parents and children across generations
Term
What are Carriers?
Definition
heterozygous individuals who carry the recessive allele but are phenotypically normal
Term
What is Consanguineous mating?
Definition
matings between close relatives
Term
What is the problem with consanguineous mating?
Definition
it increases the chance of mating between two carriers of the same rare allele
Term
What is Cystic Fibrosis?
Definition
the most common lethal genetic disease in the U.S.
Term
What is Huntington's disease?
Definition
a degnerative disease of the nervous system
Term
What is amniocentesis?
Definition
the liquid that bathes the fetus is removed and tested
Term
What is chorionic villus sampling (CVS)?
Definition
when a sample of the placenta is removed and tested
Term
What is the chromosome theory of inheritance?
Definition
states that
1. Mendelian genes have specific lci on chromosomes
2. Chromosomes undergo segregation and independent assortment
Term
What is wild type?
Definition
normal phenotypes
Term
How many copies does a female need to have in order to express a recessive sex-linked trait?
Definition
They need to have 2 copies of the recessive allele
Term
How many copies does a male need to have in order to express a recessive sex-linked trait?
Definition
only one copy
Term
Why are sex-linked recessive disorders much more common in males than in females?
Definition
because the sex-linked trait is on the X chromosome and the females have to have 2 copies of the allele while males only have to have one because they only have one X chromosome
Term
What is a sex-linked gene?
Definition
a gene located on either chromosome, but usually refers to a gene on the larger X chromosome
Term
What are 3 disorders that are recessive sex-linked traits?
Definition
Color blindness
Duchenne muscular dystrophy
Hemophilia
Term
What is a Barr body?
Definition
the inactive X chromomsone condensed
Term
When is one of two X chromosomes inactivated in mammalian females?
Definition
during embryonic development
Term
What are linked genes?
Definition
genes that are located on the same chromosome and tend to be inherited together
Term
Who did alot with discovering linkage?
Definition
Morgan
Term
What is genetic recombination?
Definition
the production of offspring with combinations of traits differing from either parent
Term
What are parental types?
Definition
offspring with a phenotype matching one of the parental phenotypes
Term
What are recombinants?
Definition
offspring with nonparental phenotypes
Term
At what frequency of recombination is a trait usually considered non linked?
Definition
50%
Term
What is a genetic map?
Definition
an ordered list of the genetic loci along a particular chromosome
Term
What is the relationship between the distance on the genetic map and the probability of crossing over?
Definition
The farther apart two genes are, the higher the probability that a cross over will occur between them = a higher recombination frequency
Term
What is a linkage map?
Definition
a genetic map of a chromosome based on recombination frequencies
Term
What are map units?
Definition
the distance between genes
Term
What are Cytogenetic maps?
Definition
indicate the positions of genes with respect to chromosomal features
Term
What happens when a Large-scale chromosomal altercation occurs?
Definition
a spontaneous abortion or a variety of developmental disorders
Term
What is a nondisjunction?
Definition
pairs of homologous chromosomes that do not separate normally during meiosis
Term
What is aneuploidy?
Definition
a chromosomal condition in which one or more chromosomes are present in extra copies or are deficient in number
Term
What is a monosomic zygote?
Definition
has only one copy of a particular chromosome
Term
What is a trisomic zygote?
Definition
has three copies of a particular chromosome
Term
What is polyploidy?
Definition
a condition in which an organism has more that two complete sets of chromosomes
Term
What is trisomy?
Definition
When an organism has an extra chromosome
Term
What is deletion?
Definition
Mutation that removes a chromosomal segment
Term
What is Duplication?
Definition
mutation that repeats a segment
Term
What is Inversion?
Definition
mutation that reverses a segment within a chromosome
Term
What is translocation?
Definition
mutation that moves a segment from one chromosome to another
Term
What is triploidy?
Definition
the condition where the organism has three sets of chromsomes
Term
What is Tetraploidy?
Definition
the condition where the organism has four sets of chromosomes
Term
What is down syndrome?
Definition
an aneuploid condition that results from three copies of chromosome 21
Term
What is genomic imprinting?
Definition
variation in the phenotype that depends on which parent passed along the alleles for those traits
Term
Why are extranuclear genes inherited from the mother?
Definition
because the zygote's cytoplasm comes from the egg
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