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Ap Bio Ch 16-21
N/A
49
Biology
11th Grade
12/11/2012

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Term
Bacteriophage
Definition
A virus capable of infecting a bacterial cell, and may cause lysis to its host cell.
Term
Ligase
Definition
An linkage enzyme which is capable of binding two smaller components into one single structure
Term
Polymerase
Definition
Elongation of new DNA at a replication fork is catalyzed by enzymes by adding nucleotides to the existing chain.
Term
Heicase
Definition
An enzyme that untwists the double helix of DNA at replication forks
Term
Lagging Strand
Definition
A discontinuous synthesized DNA strand that elongates in a direction away from the replication fork
Term
Leading Strand
Definition
A new continuous complementary DNA strand synthesized along the template strand in the mandatory 5'-->3' direction
Term
Nuclease
Definition
One of the several classes of enzymes that degrade nucleic acid. An enzyme that can degrade DNA or RNA by breaking phosphodiester bonds.
Term
Okazaki Fragment
Definition
Relatively short fragment of DNA synthesized on the lagging strand during DNA replication.
Term
Primer
Definition
short pre-existing polynucleotide chain towhich new deoxyribonucleotides can be added by dNA polymerase.
Term
Replication Fork
Definition
A Y-shaped region in a chromosome that serves as the growing site for dna replication.
Term
Semi-conservative Model
Definition
Type of DNA replication in which the replicated double helix consists of one old strand and one newly made strand
Term
Telomere
Definition
Either (free) end of a eukaryotic chromosome; telomeres act as caps to keep the sticky ends of chromosomes from randomly clumping together
Term
5' Cap
Definition
The 5' end of pre-mRNA molecule modified by the addition of a cap of gaunine nucleotide.
Term
Anticodon
Definition
A sequence of three adjacent nucleotides located on one end of transfer RNA. It bounds to the complementary coding triplet of nucleotides in messenger RNA during translation phase of protein synthesis
Term
Condon
Definition
A set of three adjacent nucleotides, also called triplet, in mRNA that base-pair with the corresponding aniticodon of tRNA molecule that carries a particular amino acid, hence, specifying the type and sequence of amino acids for protein synthesis.
Term
Exon
Definition
a coding region of a eukaryotic gene. Exons, which are expressed are seperated from each other by introns.
Term
Mutation
Definition
a change in the DNA of a gene, creating genetic diversity
Term
Intron
Definition
a noncoding intervening sequence within a eukaryotic gene
Term
mRNA
Definition
a type of RNA synthsized from DNA, that attaches to ribosomes in the cytoplasm and specifies the primary structure of a protein
Term
Promoter
Definition
A site in a DNA molecule at which RNA polymerase and transcription factors bind to initiate transcription of mRNA
Term
rRNA
Definition
A nucleic acid found in all living cells. Plays a role in transferring information from dNA to the protein-forming system of the cell.More specifically, rRNA sits in the Ribosome, decoding the mRNA into various amino acids and assisting in translation.
Term
Splicesome
Definition
A complex assembly that interacts with the ends of an RNA, releasing the intron and joining the two adjacent exons.
Term
TATA box
Definition
A promoter DNA sequence crucical in forming the transcriptioninitiation complex.
Term
Transcription
Definition
process of transcribing or making a copy of genetic information stored in a DNA strand into a complementary strand of RNA (messenger RNA or mRNA) with the aid of RNA polymerases.
Term
tRNA
Definition
RNA involved in protein synthesis, transporting specific amino acid to the ribosome to be added onto the growing polypeptide chain
Term
Translation
Definition
A step in protein biosynthesis wherein the genetic code carried by mRNA is decoded to produce the specific sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide chain. The process follows transcription in which the DNA sequence is copied (or transcribed) into an mRNA.Translation occurs in the cytoplasm where the ribosomes are located. It consists of four phases:
(1) activation
(2) initiation
(3) elongation
Term
Triplet Code
Definition
a set of three nucleotide long words that specify the amino acids for polypeptide chains
Term
Capsid
Definition
The protein shell that encloses a viral genome. It may be rod shaped, polyhedral or more complex in shape.
Term
Conjugation
Definition
In prokaryotes, the direct transfer of DNA between two cells that are temporarily joined.
Term
Episome
Definition
A genetic element that can exsist either as plasmid or as a part of the bacterial chromosome.
Term
Operon
Definition
A nit of genetic function or a segment of DNA that functions as a single transcription unit, common in bacteria and phages.
Term
Plasmid
Definition
A linear or circular double-stranded DNA that is capable of replicating independently of the chromosomal DNA.
Carries anccessory genes seperate from those of bacterial chromosome.
Term
Prophage
Definition
A phage genome that has been inserted into a specific site on the bacterial chromosome.
Term
Restriction enzymes
Definition
A degradative enzyme that recognizes and cuts up DNA that is foreign to baterium
Term
Reverse Transcriptase
Definition
An enzyme encoded by some certain viruses that uses RNA as a template for DNA synthesis
Term
Transformation
Definition
The genetic alteration of a bacterial cell resulting from the transfer of foreign DNA.
Term
Transposable Element
Definition
A segment of DNA that can move with a genome of a cell by means of DNA or RNA intermediate
Term
Cell Differentiation
Definition
The normal process by which a less specialized cell develops or matures to possess a more distinct form and function.Dependent on the control of gene expression
Term
Differential Gene Expression
Definition
The expression of different sets of genes by cells with the same genome
Term
Histone
Definition
A small protein with a highly proportion of positively charged amino acids that binds to negatively charged DNA, play key role in cchromatin structure.
Term
Oncogene
Definition
A gene found in viruses, that is involved in cancerous characteristics.
Term
p53 gene
Definition

gene that is expressed when a cells DNA is damaged. functions as a transcription factor for several genes.

 

 

Term
Tumor Suppressor Gene
Definition
a gene whose protein products inhibit cell division, preventing uncontrolled cell growth(cancer).
Term
Apoptosis
Definition
The changes that occr within a cell as it undergoes programmed cell death, triggers the activation of sucicide proteins in the cell destined to die.
Term
Cytoplasmic determinants
Definition
the material substances in the egg that inflence the course of of early development by regulating the expression of genes that affect the developmental fate of cells.
Term
Homeotic gene
Definition
Any of the genes that control the overall body plan of animals and plants by controlling the developmental fate of groups of cells.
Term
Morphogenesis
Definition
The development of body shape and organization.
Term
Stem Cell
Definition
An unspecialized cell characterized by the ability to self-renew by mitosis while in undifferentiated state, and the capacity to give rise to various differentiated cell types by cell differentiation.
Term
Totipotent
Definition
Having the ability to differentiate into all cell types. Describing a cell that can give rise to all parts of an organisim.
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