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AP BIO
Ch 10 Vocab
29
Biology
Undergraduate 1
01/22/2011

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Term
Photosynthesis
Definition
Chloroplasts converting sun energy into the chemical energy of glucose and other organic molecules
Term
Autotrophs
Definition
Self-feeders, they sustain themselves without eating anything derived from other organisms. They are the ultimate sources of organic compounds for all nonautotrophic organisms. Producers.
Term
Heterotrophs
Definition
Unable to make their own food, they survive by living on compounds created by autotrophs. Consumers, almost all organisms other than photoautotrophs.
Term
Chlorophyll
Definition
The green pigment in chloroplasts. It is the light absorbed by this pigment that drives the synthesis of organic molecules. Makes leaves green.
Term
Mesophyll
Definition
The tissue part of leaves that contian the chloroplasts with chlorophyll. Chloroplast located here have about 35 chloroplasts.
Term
Stomata
Definition
Microscopic pores through which carbon dioxide and oxygen pass. Stoma is the singular form.
Term
Stroma
Definition
The dense fluid within a chloroplast
Term
Thylakoids
Definition
A system of interconnected, flattened sacs. The chlorophyll is located in the membranes here.
Term
Light Reactions
Definition
The photo, or light requiring, part of photosynthesis which convert light to chemical energy. Where NADP+ becomes NADPH and some ATP is formed.
Term
Calvin Cycle
Definition
The light independent reactions of photosynthesis. Performs Carbon fixation with the aid of the NADPH and ATP formed in the light reactions.
Term
Photophosphorylation
Definition
Chemiosmosis used to add a phosphate group to ADP to form ATP in the light dependent reactions.
Term
Carbon Fixation
Definition
The inital incorporation of CO2 into organic compounds which is then reduced by NADPH to carbohydrate.
Term
Wavelength
Definition
The distance between the crests or electromagnetic waves.
Term
Visible light
Definition
The segment of the light spectrum from 380nm to 750nm which is visible to the human eye.
Term
Chlorophyll a and b
Definition
The two differ slightly in the wavelengths of light they absorb and therefore their colors.
Term
Carotenoids
Definition
An accessory pigment in the yellow/orange shades. they may act to broaden the spectrum of light that can drive photosynthesis. Their primary function is to help prevent damage due to excessive light energy.
Term
Photosystem
Definition
Composed of a reaction center surrounded by light harvesting complexes.
Term
Light-harvesting Complex
Definition
Pigment molecules bound to proteins. They allow photosystems to harvest light over a larger surface and a broader spectrum. Transfers the energy of a photon from pigment molecule to pigment molecule until it enters the reaction center.
Term
Reaction Center
Definition
A protein complex that includes two special chlorophyll and a primary electron acceptor.
Term
Primary electron aceptor
Definition
A special Chlorophyll a molecule capable of using the energy from light to boost one of their electrons to a higher energy level.
Term
Noncyclic electron flow
Definition
One of the two routes an electron can take during the light reactions. This is the predominant route. Uses both photosystem I and II to create ATP and NADPH from excited e-
Term
Cycic electron flow
Definition
Uses only photosystem I. It produces ATP but not NADPH.
Term
Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate GTP
Definition
The three carbon sugar generated by the Clavin cycle. To create this it takes three cycles of the Calvin Cycle fixing 3 CO2's. It takes 9 ATP and 6 NADPH to create it.
Term
Three phases of Calvin Cycle
Definition
1: Carbon fixation, catalyzed by the enzyme RuBP (rubisco)
2: Reduction, the molecule from phase 1 accepts a P from ATP and is reduced with electrons from NADPH.
3: Regeneration of CO2 acceptor RuBP
Term
Photorespiration
Definition
Decreases the output of photosynthetic output by taking out organic material from the Calvin Cycle. Evidence it is evolutionary baggage.
Term
C3 plants
Definition
The first organic product in these plants is a 3-C compound after C fixation.
Term
C4 Plants
Definition
These plants preface the Calvin Cycle with an alternate mode of C fixation that forms a 4-C sugar as its first product. These have a unique leaf structure compared to C3 plants.
Term
CAM Plants
Definition
An adaptation to arid conditions. These plants open their stomata at night and close them during the day which is the reverse of non-CAM plants. This helps them preserve water but limits CO2 entering. This is solved by incorporating CO2 into organic acids which are stored in the vacuoles until daytime when the Calvin Cycle can happen. More similar to C4 plants.
Term
CAM
Definition
crassulacean acid metabolism found in CAM plants
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