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AP Bio
Chapter 5 Vocab
52
Biology
Undergraduate 1
09/06/2010

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Term
Macromolecule
Definition
Proteins, Lipids, Carbohydrates and Nuceic Acids. Can be up to 100,000 Daltons
Term
Polymer
Definition
A long molecule consisting of many similar or identical building blocks covalently bonded. Made up of monomers
Term
Monomer
Definition
The building blocks of polymers. The type depends on the kind of macromolecule
Term
Condensation Reaction
Definition
Two monomers are joined by this reaction during which a water molecule is lost. A Hydrogen is lost from one while an OH is lost from the other.
Term
Dehydration Reaction
Definition
Another name for a condensation reaction when two monomers join to form a plolymer and lose a water molecule.
Term
Hydrolysis
Definition
How a polymer is broken down into the monomers which built it. It requires water to break the bonds of the polymer.
Term
Carbohydrates
Definition
Include sugars and polymers of sugars.
Term
Monosaccharides
Definition
Sugars of the form CH2O, Glucose is the most common. Simple sugars of 3, 5 or 6 Carbons. Join to form di and polysaccharides. Usually Carbon rings
Term
Disaccharides
Definition
Made up of two monosaccharides joined by a covalent bond, dehydration reaction. Most common is sucrose or table sugar.
Term
Glycosidic linkage
Definition
The dehaydration reaction which covalently bonds two monosaccharides into a disaccharide.
Term
Polysaccharides
Definition
Macromolecules made up of 100's to 1000's of monosaccharides. Some function as energy storage.
Term
Starch
Definition
A storage polysaccharide of plants made up of glucose monomers. Created by alpha linkages so they are digestable by hydrolysis enzymes.
Term
Glycogen
Definition
Animals store energy in this form. It is an extensively branched polymer of glucose. Stored in the liver and muscle.
Term
Cellulose
Definition
A strong, structural polysaccharide found in plant cell walls. A polymer of glucose. Created by beta linkages which animals cannot digest.
Term
Glucose
Definition
Can form rings in both an alpha and a beta form. This ability makes it useful in forming both starches and cellulose.
Term
Chitin
Definition
Another structural polysaccharide found in arthropods as their exoskeleton.
Term
Lipids
Definition
Not made up of monomers. They have little or no affinity for water due to their non-polar, hydrocarbon structure. Made up of fats, phopholipids and steroids.
Term
Fat
Definition
Not polymers but large macromolecules assembled thru a dehydration reaction. Made from glycerol and fatty acids.
Term
Glycerol
Definition
An alcohol with three carbons each with a hydroxyl group. Part of a fat.
Term
Fatty Acid
Definition
A long Carbon skeleton, 16-18 C long. One end has a carboxyl group which gives it the name fatty acid. Attached to that carboxyl group is the chain of C-H bonds.
Term
Triglycerol
Definition
Three fatty acids linked to a glycerol, also called a triglyceride
Term
Saturated Fatty Acid
Definition
A fatty acid with no double bonds, saturated with H atoms.
Term
Unsaturated Fatty Acids
Definition
A fatty acid with one or more double bonds. Due to the double bonds, there are less H atoms than in a saturated fatty acid.
Term
Function of fats
Definition
To store energy, like gasoline. Fats have more than 2X the energy of carbohydrates, 9cal/gram opposed to 4cal/gram.
Term
Phospholipids
Definition
Has two, rather than three, fatty acid chains atttached to a glycerol with the addition of a phosphate group with a negative charge. This creates a hydrophillic head with hydrophobic tails. Form the lipid bilayer in cells.
Term
Steroids
Definition
Lipids with a C skeleton consisting of four fused rings. They vary based on the functional groups. Ex: Cholesterol
Term
Cholesterol
Definition
A steroid component in animal cell membranes. Also, a precursor of other steroids like hormones which control physiological functions.
Term
Protein
Definition
Polymers constructed from the 20 amino acids called polypeptides. The most complex of the macromolecules due to 4 levels of structure.
Term
Polypeptide
Definition
Polymers of the 20 amino acids. Form the tens of thousands of proteins in humans and other organisms.
Term
Amino Acids
Definition
Organic molecules with a carboxyl and an amino group. Each asymmetrical C has a hydrogen, a carboxyl, an amino and a unique, functional R group.
Term
Peptide Bond
Definition
The dehydration reaction between the carboxyl group of one amino acid and the amino group on another.
Term
Polypeptide chain
Definition
Created by the peptide bonds between amino acids. One end is the free carboxyl group (c terminus) the other end has a free amino group (N terminus)
Term
Primary structure of a protein
Definition
The unique amino acid sequence in a polypeptide chain. Determined by genetic information.
Term
Secondary protein structure
Definition
The repeated coiling and folding of a polypeptide chain. The result of Hydrogen bonds. Can form an alpha helix or a beta folded sheet.
Term
Tertiary structure
Definition
The folding caused by the R groups interacting. Some, which are hydrophobic, fold inward. The hydrophillic portions fold outwards. Further held together by disulfide bridges between the SH groups on Cysteine.
Term
Quaternary structure
Definition
The folding caused by multiple polypeptide chains formin a single protein. Not in all proteins.
Term
Disulfide bridge
Definition
The covalent bond between the SH groups on two cysteine R groups as part of tertiary structure.
Term
Denaturization
Definition
When a protein unfolds and loses its native form. Can be caused by changes in salt concentration, pH, temp or other environmental change.
Term
Chaperonins
Definition
Chaperone proteins which act to help other proteins fold correctly. Protect the protein from denaturization.
Term
X-ray chrystallography
Definition
Used to determine a proteins three-dimensional structure.
Term
DNA
Definition
Deoxyribonucleic Acid, found in cells. Carries hereditary information from one generation to the next. Made up of nucleic acid monomers.
Term
RNA
Definition
Ribonucleic Acid, used in protein systhesis and is the genetic info in viruses and some bacteria. Made from nucleic acids.
Term
Polynucleotide
Definition
Nucleic acid polymers. Made up of nucleotides
Term
Nucleotides
Definition
Has 3 parts: A nitrogenous base, a pentose (5 Carbon sugar) and a phosphate group. Pyrimadine or purine.
Term
Pyrimadine
Definition
A nitrogenous base. A ring of C and N. Cytosine, Thymine and Uracil.
Term
Purine
Definition
A nitrogenous base, larger than a pyrimadine. Contains a six membered ring fused to a 5 member ring. Adenine and guanine.
Term
Ribose
Definition
A 5 carbon sugar found in DNA and RNA, DNA has a version with 1 less oxygen on it
Term
5' end
Definition
A phosphate group on the free end in the nucleotide polymer
Term
3' end
Definition
Has a hydroxyl group on its free end in DNA
Term
Double Helix
Definition
Two polynucleotides twisted together as in DNA
Term
Antiparallel
Definition
The two sugar-phospahte backbones run in opposite 5' => 3' direction
Term
Base pairing
Definition
The bases in DNA are bonded in a certain way. Adenine bonds to Thymine or Uracil in RNA while Cytosine bonds to Guanine
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