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AP Bio NS/Endocrine
nervous system and endocrine unit exam
139
Biology
12th Grade
03/02/2008

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Term
the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM (CNS) consists of:
Definition
  • brain
  • spinal cord
Term
function of the interneuron (association neuron)
Definition
takes the signal from between the sensory neuron to the motor neuron
Term
function of the motor neuron
Definition
takes nerve impulse from CNS to effector
Term
function of the sensory neuron
Definition
takes impulses from receptor to CNS
Term
Hair cells
Definition
sensory receptors
Term
what is white matter?
Definition
  • inside the brain
  • outside the spinal cord
  • myelinated
  • has neurilemma
Term
what is the fx of neurilemma?
Definition
regeneration
Term
What is grey matter?
Definition
  • no myelin
  • no neurilemma
Term
What are the two sections of the PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM
Definition
  • somatic
  • autonomic
Term
difference between autonomic and somatic
Definition
  • autonomic: involuntary
  • somatic: voluntary
Term
What is involved in the autonomic nervous system?
Definition
  • sympathetic
  • parasympathetic
Term
What is the difference bw sympathetic and parasympathetic
Definition
  • sympathetic: fight of flight
  • parasympathetic: pace down- return to rest
Term
What is the basic pathway of a reflex arc?
Definition
receptor > sensory neurons > interneuron > motor neuron > effector
Term
What is the average resting membrane potential?
Definition
~ - 70 mV
Term
what is the distribution of ions inside a neuron
Definition
  • Na+ outside
  • K+ & anions inside

therefore, resting membrane potential is NEGATIVE
Term
What is the rule for the sodium-potassium ATPase pump?
Definition

Pump K+ in

 

  • pump 2 K+ in
  • pump 3 Na+ out 
Term
what is the development of the action potential?
Definition
depolarization > threshold potential > repolarization > refractory period > hyperpolarization
Term
what occurs during depolarization?
Definition

membrane potential becomes more +++

 

Term
What occurs during threshold potential?
Definition
a minimum voltage is required for all-or-none AP to be generated
Term
what occurs during repolatization?
Definition
membrane potential returns to rest
Term
what occurs during the refractory period?
Definition
AP cannot occur for a short time because Na+ and K+ gates are CLOSED
Term
what occurs during hyperpolarization?
Definition

membrane potential gets more - - -

than at rest 

Term
nerve impulse transmission occurs along the nerve cell membrane as ____________
Definition
a wave of depolarization
Term
What is the direct effect of MS on nerve impulse transmission?
Definition
the movement of impulses along neurons is slower than normal
Term
describe the events that occur at the synapse
Definition
  1. presynaptic action potential arrives at the synapse
  2. Ca2+ influx (entry) into presynaptic neuron
  3. vesicles move to the cell membrane of the presynaptic neuron and dock
  4. neurotransmitter is released by exocytosis from versicles into the synapse
  5. neurotransmitter diffuses across synapse
  6. neurotransmitter binds to its receptor on the post-synaptic membrane
  7. postsynaptic response occurs
  8. breakdown of neurotransmitter
  9. reuptake of transmitter
Term
how do some neurotransmitters have an excitatory effect while other are inhibitory?
Definition
different receptors
Term
what is excitatory?
Definition
depolarization
Term
what is inhibitory
Definition
hyperpolarization
Term
what is the function of the cerebellum?
Definition
balance, posture, muscle tone, movement
Term
what is the function of the medulla oblongotta?
Definition

basic life fuctions

  • breathing
  • heart rate
  • vomit
  • pupils 
Term
what is the function of the pons
Definition
bridge
Term
what is the function of the thalamus
Definition
relay station for all sensory info except smell
Term
what is the function of the hypothalamus
Definition
sex, eage, aggresion, blood pressure, temp. regulation, makes hormones for pituitary
Term
what is the function of the corpus callosum
Definition
(white matter)
transfers nerve impulses between the 2 hemispheres
Term
what is the function of the pituitary gland
Definition

endocrine system

hormones 

Term
how is the brain protected
Definition

skull

CSF (cerebrospinal fluid)
meninges

Term
what is the function of the frontal lobe
Definition
  • personality, intelligence, concious thought, memories
  • motor cortex > voluntary muscle movement
  • L side:Broca's area- language production
Term
what is the function of the parietal lobe
Definition
  • touch, taste, temerature awareness
  • body position
  • somatosensory cortex: revieves inputs from all areas of the body but some areas have a greater representation
Term
what is the function of the occipital lobe
Definition
recieves and intererets VISUAL info
Term
wat is the function of the temporal lobe
Definition
  • hearing
  • visual and verbal memories, emotions
  • L side: Wernickes area: understanding speach
Term
which lobe is sensory (hearing) info sent to
Definition
temporal lobe
Term
what are some technologies used to study the brain/nervous system
Definition
  • imaging- CT scan, MRI, xray, microscope
  • spinal tap
  • reflex hammer
  • ossiloscope/microelectrode
  • add dyes to neurons/radio label
Term
what is/ is the function of the conjunctiva (in the eye)
Definition
  • mucous membrane that lines the eye
Term
what is/ is the function of the cornea?
Definition
clear part of the sclera, allows light to enter eye
Term
what is/ is the function of the aqueous humor
Definition
  • fluid in anterior eye chamber
  • nutrients, etc for eye
Term
what is/ is the function of the pupil
Definition

hole inside of iris

allows light in 

Term
what is/ is the function of the iris
Definition
  • colored muscle
  • contracts - pupil constricts
  • relaxed - pupil dilates
Term
what is/ is the function of th lens
Definition
  • elastic structure that changed shape to focus light rays on retina
Term
what is/ is the function ofthe ciliary muscle and suspensory ligament
Definition
work together to change shape of lens to focus light
Term
what is/ is the function of the vitreous humor
Definition
fluid in posterior eye chamber - pressure, shape, absorb some refracted light rays
Term
what is/ is the function of the retina
Definition
  • light rays focus onto retina
  • location of the photoreceptors (rods +cones) , cells that convert light rays to nerve impulses
Term
what is a rod
Definition

detects black and white

peripheral vision

night vision 

Term
what is a cone
Definition

colored vision

acute (detailed) vision

daytime vision 

Term
What is the Fovea Centralls
Definition
area with the highest concentration of cones in the retina
Term
what is the blind spot
Definition
  • area of the retina
  • no rods or cones
  • axons of photoreceptors leave eye and become the optic nerve
  • no vision!
Term
what is/ is the function of the choroid coat
Definition
  • middle layer of the eye
  • absorbs scattered light rays
Term
what is/ is the function of the sclera?
Definition
  • outter layer of the eye
  • "white of the eye"
  • protection, shape
Term
what is the path of LIGHT thru the eye
Definition
conjunctive > cornea > aq. humor > pupil > lens > vit. humor > fovea centrallis of retina
Term
what is the path of NERVE IMPULSES to the BRAIN
Definition
(rods/cones convert light to nerve impulses) > optic nerve > optic chiasma (crossover of info to ea. hemisphere) > thalamus > occipital lobe
Term
what is visual adaptation?
Definition
  • sensory adaptation: receptors stop sending nerve impulses when they become accustomd to a stimulus

  • light adaptation: response of pupil to changing light level
Term
what are cataracts?
Definition
cloudy lens
Term
what is astigmatism
Definition
mishapen lens
Term
what is myopia
Definition
near sighted
Term
what is hyperopia
Definition
far sighted
Term
what is/ is the function of the pinna?
Definition
  • flap of skin
  • funnels sound wavs into ear
Term
what is/ is the function of the external auditory canal
Definition
  • direct sound waves onto tympanic membrane
  • hairs, wax - capture large particles
Term
what is/ is the function of the tempanic membrane
Definition
  • vibrates when sound waves strike it
  • amplifies sound 
Term
what is/ is the function of the ossicles
Definition
  • vibrate when stimulated by vibrations of tympanic membrane
  • transmit vibrations to oval window
  • amplifies sound 
Term
what is/ is the function of the oval window
Definition
  • membrane that bulges inward when stimulated by vibrations from ossicles
  • sets fluid in motion in cochlea (inner ear)
  • fluid movement stimulated mechano-receptors (hair cells) to transmit nerve impulses
Term
what is/ is the function of the round window
Definition
  • membrane that bulges outward by fluid moving inside the cochlea
Term
what is/ is the function of the eustachian tube
Definition
  • connects middle ear to throat
  • equalize air pressure in head with surrounding environment (eg. plane)
Term
what is/ is the function of the semicircular canals
Definition
  • fluid filled canals for BALANCE
  • when your head moves, fluid in SCC moves, which stimulates nerve impulses in hair cells
Term
what is/ is the function of the vestibule
Definition
  • fluid filled part involved in balance > 2 fluid-filled sacs inside (utricle, saccule) contain small calcium carbonate granules- "otoliths" that move, then trigger hair ells to produce nerve impulses
Term
what is/ is the function of the cochlea
Definition
  • fluid-fille, snail shaped structure
  • contains basilar membrane, which has hair cells embedded
  • movement of the fluid causes hair cells to convert motion into nerve impulses
Term
what is a hair cell
Definition
  • receptor that converts motion (fluid movement) into nerve impulses
  • convert mechanical stimulus to action potentials
Term
follow sound waves through the ear
Definition
pinna > external auditory canal > tympanic membrane (vibrates) >  ossicles > oval window > fluid in motion in cochlea (organ of corti) > fluid stimulates hair cells to bend > nerve impulses initiated > auditory nerve > temporal love
Term
what type of receptors are taste buds?
where are they found?
Definition

chemoreceptors

tongue 

Term
what are olfactory receptors
Definition
sensory receptors that detect odor molecules
Term
what is the difference between endocrine and exocrine hormones?
Definition
  • endocrine: ductless glands that secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream
  • exocrine:gland which secretes hormones via ducts
Term
Where is the hormone FSH - female produced?
Definition
anterior pituitary
Term
Where is the hormone TSH (thyroid stimulating hormone) produced?
Definition
anterior pituitary
Term
Where is the hormone hGH (human growth hormone) produced
Definition
anterior pituitary
Term
where is the hormone LH (lutenizing hormone) produced?
Definition
anterior pituitary
Term
where is the hormone PRL (prolactin) produced
Definition
anterior pituitary
Term
where is the hormone ADH (antidiuretic hormone) produced
Definition
posterior pituitary
Term
where is the hormone OCT (oxytocin) produced
Definition
posterior pituitary
Term
where is the hormone T4 (thyroxin) produced
Definition
thyroid
Term
where is the hormone calcitonin produced
Definition
thyroid
Term
where is the hormone PTH (parathyroid hormone) produced
Definition
parathyroid
Term
where is the hormone cortisol (glucocorticoids) produced
Definition
adrenal cortex
Term
where is the hormone aldosterone (mineralocorticoids) produced
Definition
adrenal cortex
Term
where is the hormone gonadocorticoids produced
Definition
adrenal cortex
Term
where are the hormones epinephrine and norepinephrine produced
Definition
adrenal medulla
Term
where is the hormone insulin produced
Definition
pancreas
Term
where is the hormone glucagon produced
Definition
pancreas
Term
where is the hormone estrogen produced
Definition
ovaries
Term
where is the hormone progesterone produced
Definition
ovaries
Term
where is the hormone testosterone produced
Definition
testes
Term
what effects does hGH (human growth hormone) have on target tissues/organs
Definition

stimulates

  • cell division
  • bone and muscle growth
  • metabolic functions 
Term
what effects does TSH (thyroid-stimulating hormone) have on target tissues/organs
Definition
stimulates thyroid gland
Term
what effects does ACTH (adrenocorticotrophic hormone) have on target tissues/organs
Definition
stimulates adrenal cortex to secrete glucocorticoids
Term
what effects does FSH (follicle stimulating hormone) have on target tissues/organs
Definition
stimulates production of ova and sperm from the ovaries and testes
Term
what effects does LH (lutenizing hormone) have on target tissues/organs
Definition
stimulates sex hormone production from the ovaries and testes
Term
what effects does PRL (prolactin) have on target tissues/organs
Definition
stimulates milk production from the mammary glands
Term
what effects does ADH (antidiuretic hormone) have on target tissues/organs
Definition
promotes the retention of water by the kidneys
Term
what effects does OCT (oxytocin) have on target tissues/organs
Definition
stimulates uterine muscle contractions and release of milk by the mammary glands
Term
what effects does T4 (thyroxine) have on target tissues/organs
Definition
  • affects all tissues
  • increases metabolic rate and regulates growth and development
Term
what effects does calcitonin have on target tissues/organs
Definition
targets bones and kidneys to lower blood calcium by inhibiting release of calcium from bone and reabsorption of calcium by kidneys
Term
what effects does PTH (parathyroid hormone) have on target tissues/organs
Definition
raises blood calcium levels by stimulating the bone cells to release calcium, the intestine to absorb calcium from food, and the kidneys to reabsorb calcium
Term
what effects does cortisol (glucocorticoids) have on target tissues/organs
Definition
stimulates tissues to raise blood glucose and break down protein
Term
what effects does aldosterone (mineralcorticoids) have on target tissues/organs
Definition
promonte reabsorption of sodium and water by the kidneys
Term
what effects does gonadocorticoids have on target tissues/organs
Definition
promote secondary sex characteristics
Term
what effects does epinephrine and norepinephrine have on target tissues/organs
Definition
  • fight or flight hormones
  • raise blood glucose levels
Term
what effects does insulin have on target tissues/organs
Definition
lowers blood glucose levels and promotes the formation of glycogen in the liver
Term
what effects does glucagon have on target tissues/organs
Definition
raises blood glucose levels by converting glycogen to glucose
Term
what effects does estrogen have on target tissues/organs
Definition
stimulates uterine lining growth and promotes development of the female secondary sex characteristics
Term
what effects does progesterone have on target tissues/organs
Definition
promotes growth of the uterine lining and prevents uterine muscle contractions
Term
what effects does testosterone have on target tissues/organs
Definition
promotes sperm formation and development of the male secondary sex characteristics
Term
what does the adrenal (outer) cortex release
Definition
cortisol, aldosterone, androgens
Term
What does the adrenal (inner) medulla release
Definition
nor/eipnephrine (symathetic NS)
Term
what is the stimulus for release for FSH
Definition
GnRH (gonadotropin releasing hormone)from hypothalamus
(-) feedback from progesteron
Term
What is the stimulus for release for LH
Definition
GnRH from hypothalamus
(-) feedback from progesterone and estrogen
(+) feedback from estrogen midcycle
Term
What is the stimulus for release for ACTH (adrenocorticotropic hormone)
Definition
CRF (coticotrophil releasing factor) from hypothalamus
(-) feedback by increased levels of adrenal cortex hormones
Term
What is the stimulus for release for GH (STH)
Definition
GHRH - growth hormone releasing hormone from hypothalamus
Term
What is the stimulus for release for prolactin
Definition
inhibited by progest/estro levels in pregnant women
released after birth
Term
What is the stimulus for release for ADH
Definition
dehydrated (increased blood osmolarity= increased concentration of particles in blood)
Term
What is the stimulus for release for oxytocin
Definition
suckling by infant - stim. nerve impulses to brain to stimulate hypothalamus
(+) feedback parturition (birth)
Term
What is the stimulus for release for estrogen
Definition
FSH stim. follicles to release stro.
LH stim. corpus luteum to release estro.
FSH = pre-ovulation
LH = post-ovulation
Term
What is the stimulus for release for progesterone
Definition
LH stim. corupus luteum to produce progesterone
Term
What is the stimulus for release for testosterone
Definition
LH - interstitial cells > testosterone
Term
What is the stimulus for release for thyroxine (T4)
Definition
TSH - thyroid stimulating hormone from pituitary
iodine in sufficient quantities
Term
What is the stimulus for release for calcitonin
Definition
high blood calcium levels
Term
What is the stimulus for release for parathyroid hormone
Definition
low blood calcium levels
Term
What is the stimulus for release for epinephrine
Definition
sympathetic nervous system
short or long term stress
Term
What is the stimulus for release for cortisol
Definition
ACTH from pituitary
long-term stress response
Term
What is the stimulus for release for aldosterone
Definition
decreased sodium levels in blood
Term
What is the stimulus for release for insulin
Definition
high blood glucose levels
Term
What is the stimulus for release for glucagon
Definition
low blood glucose levels
after exercise, fasting, in bw meals, etc
Term
What is the stimulus for release for prosaglandins
Definition
cell damage
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