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Biology
Undergraduate 2
08/04/2010

Additional Biology Flashcards

 


 

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Term
anatomy
Definition
studies the structure of body parts and their relationship to one another
Term
anatomy topics
Definition

gross or macroscopic anatomy

regional anatomy

systemic anatomy

surface anatomy

microscopic anatomy cytology hystology

developmental anatomy

embryology

 

Term
gross or macroscopic anatomy
Definition
study of large body structures visible to the naked eye, such as the heart lungs and kidneys
Term
regional anatomy
Definition
all the structures in a particular region of the body such as the abdomanen or leg are examined @ a particular time
Term
systematic anatomy
Definition
body structure is studied system by system
Term
surface anatomy
Definition
the study of internal structures as they relate to the overlying skin surface
Term
microscopic anatomy
Definition
deals w/ structures too small to be seen with the naked eye
Term
cytology
Definition
study of cells
Term
histology
Definition
study of tissues of the body
Term
developmental anatomy
Definition
traces structural changes that occur in the body throughout the lifespan
Term
embryology
Definition
subdivision of developmental anatomy that deals w/ the changes that occur b4 birth
Term
physiology
Definition
would you be studying anatomy or physiology if u were investigating how muscles shorten
Term
physiology
Definition
concerns the functions of the bodys parts
Term

physiology topic

Definition

renal physiology

neurphysiology

cardiovascular

Term
renal physiology
Definition
concerns kidney function and urine production
Term
neurophysiology
Definition
explains the workings of the nervoius system
Term
cardiovascular physiology
Definition
examines operation of the heart and blood vessels
Term
complementarity
Definition

what a structure can do depends on its form

 

. ex. bones can support and protect body organs because they contain hard mineral deposits

Term
in what ways do physiology depend on anatomy
Definition
form + function. anatomy is the structure and physiology is the functure. incorrect form gives off an incorrect function. one relies on the other
Term
levels of structural organization
Definition

                atom

               chemicalmolecules

 

                   organelle

        cellular  cells

               

tissue

  

organ

 

           organ system

      

                          organismal level organism

Term
chemical level
(simplest form)
Definition
atoms combine to form molecules
Term
cellular level
Definition
cells are made up of molecules
Term
tissue level
Definition
consist of similar types of cells
Term
organ level
Definition
made up of different types of tissues
Term
organ system level
Definition
consist of different organs that work closely together
Term
organismal level
Definition
represents the sum total of all structural levels working together to keep us alive

humans aRE MADE UP OF MANY OF THESE WORKIN TOGETHER
Term
cellular level
Definition
what level of structual organization is cytology involved with?
Term
organ system level
Definition
which structural level involves the study of how blood flows through the body
Term

necessary life functions

 

maintaing the boundaries between internal and external environments

Definition

skin

 

plasma membrane

Term
necessary life functions

movment (contractactibility)
Definition
of body parts (skeletal muscle)

of substances (cardiac and smooth muscle)
Term
necessary life functions responsivenesss-
Definition

the ability to sense and respond to stimuli

-withdrawal reflex, control of breathing

Term

necessary life functions

 

digestion

Definition
- breakdown of ingested food stuff and absorbtion of simple molecules into the blood
Term

necessary life functions

 

excretion-

Definition

 the removal of waste from waste and digestion

 

urea, carbon dioxide, feces

Term
necessary life functions

reproduction-
Definition
cellular division for growth or repair production of offspring
Term
necessary life functions

growth
Definition
increase in size of a body part or of an organism
Term

survival needs

 

nutrients

Definition
chemicals for energy and cell building

carbohydrates, fats, proteins, nucleic acids, minerals, vitamins
Term
survival needs

oxygen
Definition
essential fro energy release (ATP production)
Term

survival needs

 

water

Definition
most abundant chemical in the body. site of chemical reactions
Term

survival needs

 

normal body temperature

Definition
effects the rate of normal chemical reactions
Term
appropiate atmospheric pressure
Definition
for adequete breathing and gas exchange in the lungs
Term

living things have to do all necessary life functions

 

Definition

what seperates living things from nonliving things

 

nonliving only have to do some life functions

Term
necessary life functions

metabolism
Definition

chemical reactions that occur in the body that breaks down substances to simplier forms

 

anabolism

catobolism

Term
why do we need a pressurized cabin when flyin on a jet
Definition
the higher you go up the less pressure. the deeper you go in ocean the more pressure
Term
homeostasis
Definition
ability to maintain a relatively stable internal environment despite continuous outside changes
Term
dynamic state of equilibrium
Definition

A system in a steady state since forward reaction and backward reaction occur at the same rate.

 

body is constantly keeping you @ balance

 

a balance in which conditions vary but always w/ in relatively narrow limits

Term
components of control mechanism
Definition

receptor

control center

effector

Term
receptor
Definition

a type of sensor that monitors the environment and responds to changes called stimuli by sending input to the second component, the control center

 

receives the input

Term
control center
Definition

determines the set point which is the level or rate @ which a variable is to be maintained

 

decides what needs to be done to get you back in homeostasis

Term
effector
Definition

provides the means for the control centers response to the stimulus

 

releases something to get you in homeostasis

Term
negative feedback mechanisms
Definition

the output shuts off the original effect of the stimulus or reduces its intensity

 

cause the variable to change in a direction opposite to that of the initial change returning it to its ideal value

Term
what is the main point of negative feedback
Definition
to get body back in homeostasis
Term
positive feedback mechinisms
Definition
the result of the response enhances the stimulus so that the response is accelerated
Term
what is point of positive feedback
Definition
to keep body out of homeostasis until the job is done
Term
destructive positive feedback
Definition

heart failure, high blood pressure

 

keeps you out of homeostasis w/ out a reason

Term

anatomical position

 

Definition

the body is erect w/ feet slightly apart

palms face forward n thumbs point away from body

Term
superior (cranial)
Definition
toward the head or upper part of structure
Term
inferior (caudal)
Definition
away from the head end or toward the lower part of a structure or the body
Term
ventral (anterior)
Definition
toward the front
Term
dorsal (posterior)
Definition
toward the back
Term
medial
Definition
toward or at the midline. on the inner side of
Term
lateral
Definition

away from the midline

 

on the outter side of

Term
intermediate
Definition
between a more medial or lateral structure
Term

proximal

 

(only has to do w/ arms and legs)

Definition
closer to the orgin of the body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk
Term

distal

 

(only has to do w/ arms and legs)

Definition
farther from the orgin of a BODY PART or point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk
Term
superfiscal
Definition
towards or at the body surface
Term
deep
Definition
away from the body surface
Term

sagittal plane

 

[image]

Definition
a verticle plane that divides the body into right and left parts
Term

frontal planes

 

[image]

 

Definition
like sagittal planes lie vertival; however, divide the body into interior and posterior parts
Term

oblique plane

 

 

Definition
are cuts made diagonally between the horizontal and verticle planes
Term
serous membrane
Definition

all organs are covered with this

 

 thin doubled layered membrane seperated by serous fluid

Term

serous membranes

 

parietal

Definition
lines the internal body walls (dont touch the organs)
Term

 

serous membranes

 

visceral

Definition
covers the internal organs (touches organs)
Term
your patient complains of pain in the lower right quadrant. what may be his condition
Definition
appendacitis
Term
in which cavity do you find the heart
Definition
 pericardial cavity
Term

dorsal body cavity

 

[image]

Definition

protects the fragile nervous system organs

 

has 2 subdivisions: the cranial cavity and the vertabral cavity

 

need to know what organs are in each cavity

Term

ventral body cavity

 

[image]

Definition

anterior and larger of the closed body cavities

 

has 2 major subdivisions: the thoracic cavity and the abdominopelvic cavity

 

 

need to know what organs are in each cavity

Term
auscultation
Definition
listening to organ sounds w/ a stethoscope
Term
4 basic types of tissues in humans are
Definition
epithelium, muscle, connective tissue, and nervous tissue
Term
afferent pathway
Definition
input flows from the receptor to the control center along the
Term
axis and appendicular
Definition
the 2 fundamental divisions of our body
Term
axial part
Definition
makes up the main axis of our body including the head neck, and trunk
Term
appendicular part
Definition
consists of appendeges or limbs which are attached to the bodys axis
Term
peristalsis
Definition
the movement of food through your intestines
Term
you are what you eat
Definition
carbs, nucleic acids, amino acids, and protein
Term

cellular respiration

 

C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O + Energy (as ATP)

Definition
what cells do to break up sugars into a food that the cell can use as energy
Term
insulin
Definition

lowers blood sugar

hypoglycemic hormone

Term

gycogen

 

the antagonist to insulin

 

Definition

raise blood sugar levels

 

hyperglycemic hormone

Term
why doesnt warming friction result from the movement of your heart
Definition
fluid is what helps eliminate the friction
Term
atmosphere is pushing down w/ the same amount
Definition
each cell in the body is pushing out w/ 22.2 lbs where as the out side
Term
[image]
Definition
[image]
Term
heat
Definition
most energy we generate we lose as
Term
glucogen
Definition

stored glucose

a form of potential energy

Term
blue
Definition
on the periodic table is liquid @ room temp
Term
clear
Definition
on the periodic table is manmade
Term
red
Definition
on the periodic table is chemical
Term
Na
Definition

sodium

 

comes from the latin word natrium

 

anything w/ natri in it has sodium in it

Term
Fe
Definition

iron

 

comes from the word jerrum

Term
Cu
Definition

copper

 

comes from the cuprium

Term
Au
Definition

gold

 

comes from the word aurum

Term
Ag
Definition

silver

 

comes from the word argentum

Term
Hg
Definition

mercury

 

the only liquid metal

 

comes from the word hydrargentum

Term
K
Definition

potassium

 

comes fromt the word potasm

Term
Pb
Definition

lead

 

comes from the word plumblum

Term
krypto
Definition
hidden
Term
all elements on the periodic table are neutral because
Definition
their protons and electron #s are the same
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