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antiviral
nonretroviral antiviral drugs
29
Medical
Graduate
04/29/2011

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Term
herpes
Definition
1. replicate in host nuclei, via virus encoded DNA polymerase. Transcribed and trnaslted via host proteins.
Term
cytomegalovirus
Definition
1. replicate in host nuclei, via virus encoded DNA polymerase. Transcribed and trnaslted via host proteins.
Term
smallpox
Definition
DNAvirus, but replicated nad transcriped by viral proteins
Term
HBV
Definition
DNA virus replciated via RNA intermediate.
Term
influenza
Definition
RNA virus, genome serves as both mrna and tempalte for more RNA. Virus RNA polyemerase
Term
Hep A
Definition
RNA virus, genome serves as both mrna and tempalte for more RNA. Virus RNA polyemerase
Term
Hep C
Definition
RNA virus, genome serves as both mrna and tempalte for more RNA. Virus RNA polyemerase
Term
nucleoside analogs
Definition
inhibit viral dna replciation 2. compete with natural nucletoides for viral dna polyermase, and chain terminate. Converted to triphos via viral and host enzymes
Term
acyclovir
Definition
guanosine derivative. Dna replication inhibition. first phosphate via viral thymidine kinase (hsvtk), second one via cellular one.this allows for drug to accumulate mostly in infected cells only. 3. Resistance- mutations in hsvtk and viral dna polymerase. 4. pharmdynamics- available oral topical andiv formulation. 5. adverse rxns- wellt olerated generally, some host dna polymerase use of the drug- some renal insufficiency and cns effects- in iv acyclocivr.
Term
cidofovoir
Definition
nucleotide analog- taken up by infected nad noninfected cells. Starts as monop and converted to dip via host enzymes. Competes w dCTP, and is chain terminator. Resistance- viral dna polymerase mutation. Pharmacodynamics- very long half life (17-65 hours). because is monop, has low bioavailability. Adverse effects- neprotoxicity, probenecid (used to increase peniciclin halflife by reducing clearance) will increase renal toxicity.
Term
famciclovir
Definition
guanosine derivative. No chain termniation. Avoid dur\g pregnancy
Term
gangciclovir
Definition
guanosine derivative , competes with dGTP and chain termniator. Val- icnreases biovailability. Many adverse effects i.e. teratogenic, carcinogenic, mutagenic, but needed for hiv and immunocompromised patients.
Term
trifuluridine
Definition
topical, too toxic for anything other than opthalmic use
Term
vidarabine
Definition
topical, too toxic for anything other than opthalmic use
Term
fomivirsen
Definition
moa: antisense mechanism- phosphotioates replace normal phophate linkages to prevent celsl from chewing up the foreign dna. binds early CMV transcript blockin\ translation and subsequent replication. No cross resistance (unlike nucleoside/nucleodtime analogs) because is specific to each viral dna strand.
Term
foscarnet
Definition
moa: blocks viral dna polymerase, viral rna polymeraseand hiv rt directly. Binds in pocket reserved for triphosphates, prevetns cleavage. Resistance: Mutations in viral DNA polymerase, but is useable in viruses that have becoem resistant to some of the nucleoside analogs .Adverse effects: neprotoxicity with altered calcium and phosphate levels, penile ulcerations, and cns toxicities.
Term
amantidine
Definition
anti flu: virus enters via endocytosis, endosome are acidified. Acidifcation causes cleavage of hemagglutinin, on viral surfaces and activation of M2 ion channel. Amanditdine and rimantidine bind to this m2 channel, inhibiting unsheatihing process. Resistance: mutation of M2. Pharmacodynamics: well absorbed by oral administration. Amantidine excreted unmetabolzied in urine.adverse effects: CNS disturbances. Uses: can be used in prophylaxis and decreasing duration of syptoms
Term
rimantidine
Definition
anti flu : virus enters via endocytosis, endosome are acidified. Acidifcation causes cleavage of hemagglutinin, on viral surfaces and activation of M2 ion channel. Amanditdine and rimantidine bind to this m2 channel, inhibiting unsheatihing process. Resistance: mutation of M2. Pharmacodynamics: well absorbed by oral administration. Rimantidine- several metabolic steps before excretion. adverse effects: CNS disturbances. Uses: can be used in prophylaxis and decreasing duration of syptoms
Term
Zanamivir
Definition
anti flu: Viral neuramidase is requried tro cleave sialic residues on surface of virus and host cells. Uncleaved sialic acid residues will bind to viral hmeagglutin and cause viral particelto aggregate, reducing viral escape from ifnected cells. This drug is a sialic acid analog that inhibits viral neuraminidase activity. Resistance= mutations in hmeaglutin or neuraminidase. pharmacodynamics zanamvir- dry powder.
Term
Oseltamivir
Definition
anti flu: Viral neuramidase is requried tro cleave sialic residues on surface of virus and host cells. Uncleaved sialic acid residues will bind to viral hmeagglutin and cause viral particelto aggregate, reducing viral escape from ifnected cells. This drug is a sialic acid analog that inhibits viral neuraminidase activity. Resistance= mutations in hmeaglutin or neuraminidase. Oseltavir- taken oraly
Term
Interferons
Definition
Hepatitis B/C : Host proteins- exert antiviral, immunomdoulating and antiprolif effects. Interferon binds to jak-stat activators, resutls in activation of gene products that contribute to antiviral defesnse. Enhances immune resposnes - by increasing lytic effects of cytotoxic t lymphs and histocompatibility antigens. mechanisms of interferon mediated inhibtion: transcritpipon, translation, protein processing, viral maturation . Pharmacodynamics- PEG - increased half life from 2-3 hours to54 hours. Oligo A synt. Adverse events - alot- influenza symptoms at first myelosupression, neurotoxicity, autoimmuen disorders, hepatoxocity. p450 metabolism. can be used for treatmetn of Hep b and C ( HCV patietns get ribavarin as well (only works in 50 percent of patients))
Term
oligoasynthase
Definition
marker for ifn action
Term
PEG
Definition
increase IFN halflife
Term
Ribavarin
Definition
HCV Guanosine analog works on several steps: lower cellular GTP levels, inhibtion of viral MRNA capping and RNA virus replciation. Adverse effects: hemolyticanemia, psychiatric, and teratogenic. A lot of contraindications for many pateitns.
Term
telaprevir
Definition
targets HCV ns3 protease. Telaprivir plus ribavarin plus IFN looks promisig . Adverse affects: only adiditonal one is rash. Resistance emerges rapidly alone.
Term
entecavir
Definition
HBV usage Guanosine analog. Blocks binding of dGTP on HBV RT. Blocks reverse transcriptase activity. Long half life. Drug supresses virus only, quick reboudn once treatment stops. Resistance: requires two mutations, not much resistance yet, hoewr priot treatment wit lamivudine accelerates cross resistance.
Term
Adefovir
Definition
HBV? dgtp prodrug, chain terminator. Efective even after lamivudine resistance and entecavir cross resistance.
Term
Tenefovir
Definition
HBV . can be used for HBV.
Term
Telbivudine
Definition
HBV. synthetic thymidine analog, better than limuvdine, however lamivudine resistance causes cross restance.
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