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Antibiotics
GGC Dr. Dorsett Ch. 20 Antibiotic Study Guide
43
Microbiology
Undergraduate 2
04/21/2012

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Cards

Term
Modes of Action of Antimicrobial Drugs
Definition
Inhibition of cell wall synthesis
Disruption of cell membrane function
Inhibition of protein synthesis (translation)
Inhibition of nucleic acid synthesis
Inhibition of enzyme function
Term
Bacteriocidal
Definition
Kills the bacteria or inhibits growth of other microbes
Term
Bacteriostatic
Definition
Inhibits cell division of the bacteria
Term
Ascomycetes
Definition
Fungi and a weird group of bacteria that are sources for our common antibiotics
Term
Penicillin
Definition
Inhibits cell wall synthesis - beta lactam ring
Term
1st generation penicillin
Definition
killed Gram + organisms
Term
Amoxicillin
Definition
2nd generation penicillin - only have to take twice a day.
Term
ampicillin
Definition
2nd generation penicillin, kill gram - and thus a broader spectrum of microbes
Term
Augmentum
Definition
(ampicillin + clavulinic acid) the addition of clavulinic acid blocks the bacteria that are resistance to ampicillin so they can be killed by ampicillin.
Term
Augmentin
Definition
3rd generation Penicillin - amoxicillin + clavulinic acid - very popular for skin and respiratory infections.
Term
cephalosporins
Definition
like penicillin with beta lactam ring -Inhibits cell wall synthesis
Term
Klefex
Definition
3rd generation cephalosporin
Term
cephalothin
Definition
1st generation cephalosporin
Term
Vancomycin
Definition
powerful cell wall inhibitor treat enterococci and penicillinase produding strains of S. aureus. Now have VRSA - resistance. Completely different structure to Penicillin
Term
Bacitracin
Definition
Inhibits cell wall synthesis no beta lactam ring as active site. used topically to kill Gm+ Named for a strain fo Bacillus found in a bone infection of a girl named Tracy.
Term
Mycoplasmas
Definition
Bacteria with no cell wall. Drugs that inhibit cell wall synthesis would NOT help.
Term
Cell Membrane Disruptors
Definition
target specific proteins or lipids that are unique to a particular pathogenic microbe or group of microbes.
Term
Polymyxins
Definition
Target a specific protein unique to Pseudomonas species (difficult to kill Gm- bacterial)
Term
Polyenes (amphotericin B, nyastatin)
Definition
targets lipids that are only found in fungal cell membranes.
Term
Broad Spectrum Drugs
Definition
kill lots of different microbes. Cell wall acting drugs (except 1st gen. are broad)
Term
Narrow spectrum drugs
Definition
kill only a few or possibly only one pathogen. All cell membrane acting drugs are narrow spectrum.
Term
Nucleic acid synthesis disruptors
Definition
Replication disruptors - inhibit how DNA and RNA replicates
Term
Floroquinolones (like ciprofloxacin)
Definition
inhibit bacterial DNA gyrases, enzymes that unwind the DNA before DNA replication can occur. Have to find ones that don't affect how human DNA unwinds as well. Nucleic acid synthesis disruptor
Term
Quinine, chloroquinine
Definition
Nucleic acid synthesis disruptor Binds and crosslinks the DNA double helix so can't unzip for replication or transcription. Affects our DNA too, so not great with selective toxicity. Used for Malaria protozoan when it is inside RBCs, and they don't replicate, but does have side effects.
Term
Rifampin
Definition
Nucleic acid synthesis disruptor inhibits bacterial polymerases so stops transcription and replication. Doesn't affect human polymerases
Term
Sulfa drugs
Definition
Best drugs in the category, work by disrupting the synthesis of purine nucleotides (adenine and guanine)
Term
Metabolic analogs
Definition
Mechanism uses competition between fake and a real building block for a substance required for metabolism. How sulfa drugs look like PABA (used to make folic acid) but don't work like it.
Term
Bactrim (sulfasoxazole/trimethoprim)
Definition
later generation of sulfa drug which uses synergistic effect (2 drugs working as 1) work together to synthesize keep the bacteria from making folic acid.
Term
Protein synthesis inhibition (translation)
Definition
Take advantage of the different sized ribosomal subunits, so they inhibit translation of bacterial ribosomes. won't bind to our bigger ribosomes.
Term
Aminoglycosides - Streptomycin, gentimycin
Definition
Protein synthesis inhibition - inserts the drug on the 30s subunit so misreads mRNA, makes wrong proteins that don't work. Streptomycin - 8th cranial nerve damage (deafness)
Term
Tertracyline
Definition
Protein synthesis inhibition -Blocks the attachment to tRNA to A receptor site. No peptide bonds form, no elongation, no protein - permanent staining to teeth and bones in formative time not for pregnant women and children
Term
Chloromphenicol
Definition
Protein synthesis inhibition -Attaches to the 50s piece and stops the peptide bonds from forming, no growing protein - causes fatal aplastic anemia (can't make blood cells)
Term
Macroslides - erythromycin, clindamycin
Definition
Protein synthesis inhibition -Attaches to the 50s piece so that there is no translocation of mRNA, can't move along the subunit -Erythromycin - significan nausea in many people. Biaxcin new gen. less nausea more expensive
Term
Super-Infection
Definition
a second microbial infection caused by disruption of competitive exclusion. Why women get yeast infections after taking antibiotics
Term
Competitive Exclusion
Definition
Healthy balance among all microbes living in and on your body. Keep each other in check.
Term
AZT - azidothymine,
Definition
synthetic nucleoside analog - looks like but doesn't function like Adenine, guaunine, thymine, or cytosine. if get incorporated into viral genome it will be unable to replicate in the next cell it infects. AZT - analog to thymine.
Term
Acyclovir
Definition
Herpesvirus infections
Term
Nitrogenous base analogues
Definition
inhibit RNA or DNA synthesis - look like a nucleotide and the nucleic acid synthesis jams when they are inserted instead of a regular nucleotide in the viral nucleic acid.
Term
Ganciclovir
Definition
for cytomeglovirus (CMV) Nitrogenous Base analogue.
Term
Zidovudine or azidothymidine (AZT)
Definition
for HIV Nitrogenous Base analogue.
Term
Amantidine, Rimantidine
Definition
Influenza - shortens the duration of symptoms by a couple of days. mechanism unknown thought to act at the level of virus uncoating.
Term
Protease inhibitors
Definition
Indinavir, saquinadir - block activity necessary for HIV enzymes that are required for HIV to assemble correctly.
Term
Alpha interferon
Definition
helps prevent spread of virus to new cells.
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