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| small-scale groups of people;hunter-gatherers, nomadic, related and organized by kinship systems (clans), egalitarian, reciprocal. Rule is by consensus of the group, not by force. |
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| larger groups of people, related and organized by kinship systems, egalitarian, leadership and rule based on influence, persuasion not force. Several Bands often make up a Tribe. |
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| much larger groups of people, political systems are more formalized and centralized, still organized fundamentally through kinship lines (clans) although now different clans have different levels of status and political authority. Rule is through a variety of economic, social, food and religious institutions (but still not through force). |
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| much larger populations, participation in group no longer related to kinship systems, political system , bureaucratic institutions establish power and authority over large population in distinct territories, socially stratified, rule through institutionalized mechanisms and force. |
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| first state society 5000 years ago |
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| classification of persons into groups based on shared socio-economic conditions |
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| group of people who are seen to share common attributes, namely culture, language, territory, and history. |
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| an ideology, which holds that cultural boundaries should correspond to political boundaries |
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the nation has always existed, it is eternal, its connection to a state was/is inevitable.
Equates nations with ethnocultural communities based on fixed characteristics |
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| the nation is constructed within modern times. |
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o Folklore, histories, territorialization, language, myths, rituals, celebrations, goods, clothing, dances, songs.
o These become institutionalized (think school curricula, national holidays, flags, symbols). |
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| extend by adding new territory |
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| collective act of forgetting certain things in the past |
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| peaceful societies create a bias against violence by sharing, valuing nonaggressive behavior, building relations of dependence between individuals and groups, and engaging in collective behaviors that promote harmony |
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doves: peace,focus on small-scale tribal groups, emphasis on cultural relativism,cultural change/evolution
hawks: violence, Hawks focused on conflict in small-scale societies to help explain large-scale conflicts that were occurring all around them, Tribal peoples were closer to nature, ourselves in the past; not peaceful but violent.
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| Concluded that the Yanomanö lived in a primitive state of constant warfare because of their biological and cultural evolution |
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| a theory that states that biological evolution as it is related to natural selection controls and explains human behavior |
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o Concluded that the Yanomanö were not an untouched tribe;
o Conflict was related to contact with the west and western goods; outside influences change cultural and social practices; social/cultural shifts alter and affect human behavior
o Yanomanö also practice forms of conflict resolution to avoid problems and conflicts – behaviors assumed to be for peaceful societies only
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study also brought measles vaccines (older version) to administer to the Yanomanö to read the results and see how immune-depressed “primitive” people would respond (without secondary vaccines)
o Worst epidemic in Yanomanö history; estimated that 50% of Yanomanö who contracted measles died
o Neel and Chagnon (and team) argued measles already present
o No proof for either story – DEBATES
o AAA explodes!
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| once violence is allowed as a means of domination of one group such as women, it can serve as a model for dominance and violence against other groups |
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the peaceful way of life that emerges rom a fear of violence
"absence of physical violence" |
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a peaceful way of life based on love and mutual respect
"true peace" |
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| post-conflict peacebuilding |
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international conflict resolution
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o High-level diplomacy: diplomatic efforts and mediation between high level officials from each conflicting state
o Interest-based and needs-based approaches
o Top-down approach to resolving conflicts
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| meetings between everyday people affected by conflicts to help build relationships, transform perspectives, and humanize the other. |
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| conflicts between and amongst peoples within |
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| emphasizes the face-to-face contact between members of conflicted groups can help lessen prejudices, hatreds and conflict, and help se the stage to build trusting and meaningful relationships, which can lead to positive peace. |
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intensifying flow of capital, goods, people (including tourists, immigrants and refugees), images and ideas around the world. (Hemment)
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| braudel's world system theory |
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society consists of interrelated parts assembled into a system; societies are subsystems of bigger systems, and the world system is the largest
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| a single world system committed to production for sale and exchange with the object of maximizing profits rather than supplying domestic needs (Kottak) |
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| stated that poorer, underdeveloped countries could progress and match more powerful countries on the world market through industrial capitalism and development schemes. (Akin to Stagism) |
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| wallerstein's dependency theory |
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| refuses modernization theory as an impossibility |
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| Effects of modernization, industrialization, capitalist world market on small-scale tribal groups |
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| advertising and globalization |
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o Advertising sells much more than just products…
o Images and ideas on global scale affecting local values and relationships
o As Western goods and symbols spread worldwide, so too do western values and ideologies.
o Transnational corporations (based on 1st world) sell to 2nd and 3rd world.
• Not just selling products – but also ideas and values
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| consumption brings happiness |
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| system of production, distribution and consumption of resources; economics is the study of such systems. (Kottak) |
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| ceremonial feast…marked by the host’s lavish distribution of gifts or sometimes destruction of property to demonstrate wealth and generosity and earn prestige. (Webster's Dictionary) |
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| integrative theory of social stratification |
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| social hierarchies are necessary for modern society to run smoothly. |
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| exploitative theory of social stratification |
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| social hierarchies exist because one group seeks to take advantage of another for economic purposes |
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most famous exploitative theorist
• Didn’t consider modern society to be running smoothly at all
• Saw poverty and conflict
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| capitalist/ruling class, own the means of production and ability to purchase labor. |
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| manage/control the means of production and labor (but do not own them) |
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| demographic, technological, economic and ecological processes; modes of production and resources. |
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| sociocultural relationships, behaviors, social and political organization, and institutions. |
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| values, beliefs, symbols, ideologies – CULTURE! |
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| max weber and matrix of domination |
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economic theorist who expanded upon Marx’s theories
• Weber’s 3 dimensions of social straitification
o Wealth (economic status)
o Power (political status)
o Prestige (social status)
o “Matrix of domination”
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| matrix of domination; produces surplus and excess BUT it distributes it unequally |
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| mantsio's myth about class |
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| people do not choose to be poor or working class; instead they are limited and confined by the opportunities afforded or denied them by a SOCIAL and ECONOMIC system |
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ranked groups in a stratified society whose members are differentiated from one another in terms of their degree of access to valued resources in society, i.e. material resources, influential relationships, and cultural knowledge. (Hemment)
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| barbara ehrenreich experiences |
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NOT fieldwork – but investigative journalism.
o Difference?
o Similar goals?
o Can people make it on minimum wage?
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o Legal economy vs. the underground economy
to look at the experience of poverty and ethnic segregation |
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o Agents of resistance to structural constraints
o Street culture emerges out of a person search for dignity and a rejection of racism and subjugation
o BUT also agents of degradation and community ruin as actions reinforce dominant racist and classist ideologies
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| a package of culturally and socially determined norms and standards that is necessary for success in a society |
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o Structure – sociocultural relationships, behaviors, social, political and economic systems and organizations and institutions that shape and affect human behavior and life.
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o Agency – individual ability to reflect critically, imagine alternatives and act independently regarding taken for granted cultural processes even within limiting structures
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| men, women, hermaphrodites, true hermaphrodites, male pseudo-hermaphrodites |
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child of Hermes and Aphrodite
o Medical terminology: intersexuals
o “western culture is deeply committed to the idea that there are only two sexes”
o 4% of births intersexed
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o what happens to newborns in the west who are intersexed?
• They are “re-assigned” a sex.
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categories of people organized around male and female sexes, that help determine behaviors and roles in society.
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| biological differences - male&female |
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| oversimplified but strongly held cultural ideas about the characteristics of males and females; behavioral and physical. |
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| : the knowledge developed in biochemistry, embryology, endocrinology, psychology and surgery has enabled physicians to control the very sex of the human body |
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| female olympic runner that raised eyebrows about her sex |
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o Male and female only; hermaphrodite (intersexual) is not a legitimate category
o Caster raised eyebrows with her abilities, and her looks
o How did he IOC used to test for sex?
• Semenya became accustomed to visiting the bathroom
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South African woman labeled the “Hottentot Venus”
o She was put on display
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the egg and the sperm
o Masculinity and femininity as behaviors
o Science as socially embedded activity
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| dependent, inactive, weak, passive, object, femme fatale, black widow |
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| independent, active, strong, assertive, subject, victim, marty |
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| is an explicit, if unwritten, code of conduct, a set of masculine traits we have been taught to revere since childhood (Miedzan) |
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o Patriotism, manhood, war
o “The masculine mystique teaches men to be tough, to repress empathy, and not to let moral concerns weight too heavily when the goal is winning”
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| power, toughness, dominant |
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| meekness, dependency, dominated |
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| the idea that women should be thin, beauty is equal to thinness and zero size |
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a society in which men/males dominate in ideological, political and social systems; a society which also holds a bias against women and female power.
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| societal objectification of women results in a tendency for women to view themselves from an outsider’s perspective, as an object to be evaluated (Daniels) |
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| about advertisements in US and representations of femininity |
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| an institution for the informal settlement of disputes that Gibbs mentions in his article |
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| stereotypes (of athletes, femininity, masculinity) that we are exposed to in the media |
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| interventions towards conflicts from an international politics level, not from the ground. |
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