Home > Flashcards > Anthropology > ANTH 202 Final

Details Title: ANTH 202 Final Description: Final Exam - Cult Anthro Total Flash Cards: 87 Created: 12/09/2007 19:12:39	To study from this set of flash cards, or to create your own your own study flash cards, register HERE. If you are already a registered user, CLICK HERE.
Cards Term family of orientation Definition father, mother, ego & siblings Term family of procreation Definition spouse, self, & kids Term What does it mean to consider kinship bilaterally?   Give an example of a society that does this. Definition to consider oneself equally tied by kinship to both maternal and paternal kin   example: Americans Term Which society organizes its kinship system around a brother-and-sister pair? Definition Ju/Wasi Term What is brideservice?   Give an example of a society that exhibits the characteristic. Definition Brideservice compensates the bride's family for the loss of a daughter.  The groom moves in with the bride's family and works in exchange for his marital rights.   example: Ju/Wasi Term Which society features hamlets consisting of dalas (matrilineages where everyone is related through the female line)? Definition Trobriand Islanders Term In Trobrian society, do a man and his children belong to the same "clan"? Definition No- a father is an outsider to his wife and children Term What are the Trobriander beliefs about conception? Definition When someone dies, their soul becomes young and goes to an island called Tuma.  It then ages, then sloughs off its skin, thereby created a baloma (child) which enters the womb of a woman of the same matrilineage, either through her head or by water into her womb. Sex plays no role in their beliefs, although the man's semen does feed and nourish the child during development. Her brother must give her permission to conceive. Term What society is made up of about 10-40 people bilaterally related that shifts as social relations change? Definition Ju/Wasi Term What is the kinship system of the traditional Chinese family? Definition connected by a patrilineage that exists through time and space Term Why are male children so important to the Chinese? Definition Male children are essential to provide for their fathers in the afterworld; if only female children are born, the family line will die out. Term For which society is there less incentive for the female to marry than the male? Definition Ju/Wasi: the female has available sex partners whether or not she is married, and meat is widely distributed throughout camp Term What is marriage like in Trobriand society? Definition Since Trobrianders have sexual partners by 11-13, marriage is simply a formalizing of an existing relationship Term What are the marriage rules in Trobriand society? Definition MUST observe exogamy (marriage outside of one's clan) Incest taboo applies to all close relatives, inc. father even though he is not related by kinship to his daughter. Term What happens when two people are wed in Trobriander society? Definition the girl stays overnight in her boyfriend's house, and her mother brings yams to signify her approval, as sharing food is more intimate than sex Term What is bridewealth, and what is one society that practices it? Definition bridewealth = valuables to give wife's kin and father as compensation for loss of wife's labor and child-bearing abilities   example: Trobriand Islanders Term What is a major reason men marry in Trobriand society? Definition to obtain yams (yam gardens belong to women) Term What is the key relationship in traditional Chinese culture? Definition father-son Term Which societies typically arrange marriages? Definition Ju/Wasi and traditional Chinese Term Which society sometimes has parents adopt an infant girl to raise and later marry their son? Definition traditional Chinese Term Which society employs the use of dowries (useful goods, never land or a house, given for the wife at a wedding)? Definition traditional Chinese Term What happens to a woman in traditional Chinese society when she marries? Definition She goes to live with the husband's family and acquiesces to the females' demands.  She does not acquire full status until she produces a male child, and until this time, her husband treats her with indifference.  If he can afford it, he will take on concubines or even a mistress, but may murder an adulterous wife. Term How important is a woman's sexuality in Ju/Wasi culture? Definition Her sexuality is her means of negotiating a relationship, and it is considered important for her well-being to enjoy sex. Term What is the role of independence in Ju/Wasi culture? Definition The dynamics of Ju/Wasi families are built on the need of individuals to avoid permanent ties and obligations and maintain independence. Term How important is a woman's sexuality in Trobriand society? Definition Sexuality is only emphasized for women prior to marriage, at which point emphasis is placed on fertility and womanhood. Term What is the importance of a woman's sexuality in Chinese society? Definition Virginity is both valued and necessary for a Chinese bride.  However, if a Chinese woman is widowed or a spinster, she can become a concubine or prostitute without judgment. Term What are some possible sources of discord in Ju/Wasi family society? Definition -allowance of polygamy for either gender -women can have extramarital affairs for variety, as well as for economic insurance-- which can be threatening for a husband Term What are some sources of tension in Trobriand family society? Definition yams (symbol of status and support) sorcery (every death is a sign that someone from another lineage is challenging the power of a matrilineage) Term What are some possible threats to traditional Chinese society? Definition -absence of a son -overbearing or forceful father -conflict between brothers over division of wealth (impartible inheritance-- not split-- is ideal in China) Term Which kinship theorist came up with a classification system for kinship analysis? Definition Lewis Henry Morgan Term Which kinship theorist examined the functions of kinship systems within social structures? Definition George Peter Murdock Term Which kinship theorist placed emphasis on the social relationships of marriage? Definition Claude Levi-Strauss Term Who viewed kinship as a system of symbols and meanings? Definition David M. Schneider Term Which kinship theorist sought to understand the actors within culturally constructed contexts? Definition Pierre Bourdieu Term What is the difference between polygamy, polygyny, and polyandry? Definition polygamy is the generalized term for marrying more than one spouse polygyny involves taking more than one wife polyandry involves taking more than one husband Term What is endogamy? Definition requires one to take a spouse from within the group of which they are members Term What is the incest taboo? Definition cultural beliefs prohibiting sexual relations or marriage with a close relative; differs between societies, but some version is present in almost all Term What is the difference between consanguine and affinal relations? Definition consanguine = through descent affinal = through marriage Term What is the difference between parallel cousins and cross-cousins? Definition Parallel cousins are children of a father's brother or mother's sister- regarded as brothers and sisters Cross-cousins are children of a mother's brother or father's sister- regarded as affines (potential marriage mates) Term Name and define the five postmarital residence patterns. Definition neolocal (separate from parents) bilocal (shifting) patrilocal (living with husband's father) matrilocal (living with wife's mother) avunculocal (living with wife's brother) Term What is the distinguishing feature of 19th Century Kiowa society? Definition raid other groups to gain horses and war honors, and therefore status... have four ranks in society related to number of horses owned and amount of war honors earned Term Why is conflict so central in Yanomamo society? Definition women and children are resources and men must demonstrate their fierceness and ability to protect by raiding other villages & abducting other villages' women. Term What is Brian Ferguson's theory on the violence and aggression of Yanomamo society? Definition result of three major changes: 1) new outpost settlements of government agencies, missionaries, and researchers 2) competition for Western manufactured goods 3) breakdown of social relations due to epidemics and depletion of food resources Term What type of lineage was present in Dadi's family? Definition patrilineal Term What is the advantage to the women of keeping the patriarchal family together in Dadi's family? Definition a woman's security rests on her relationships Term What are some sources of tension in Dadi's family? Definition threat of the split of the family between the three brothers highly educated v. less educated women personal shortcomings of a husband older v. newer forms of women's roles Term What is unique about family organization of Tibetan society? Definition presence of fraternal polyandry Term What are the advantages of fraternal polyandry? Definition prevented division of family farm wife is better off economically reduces risk of family fission better standard of living less work pressure Term What are some challenges of fraternal polyandry? Definition subordination of youngest brother(s) sexual favoritism Term What is the Gini coefficient? Definition a measure of economic variability, between 0 and 1 where 0 is perfect equal distribution and 1 is all wealth being held by a single person Term What is the integrative theory of social stratification? Definition As societies grow, individuals are required to specialize in certain tasks or occupations, which leads to social stratification. Also, there becomes a greater need for a military system and a policing of resources. Overall, the benefits of larger society are offered in exchange for deference to state authorities and officials. Term What is the exploitative theory of social stratification? Definition Stratification arises when one group seeks to exploit the resources or labor of others. Term What was Karl Marx's (and Friedrich Engels's) theory on social stratification? Definition Classes arise when a group gains control of the means of production and can then maintain/increase its wealth by taking advantage of the surplus value of labor (expropriating $$ from labor) The only way the lower class can rectify this situation is through violent revolution Term What is the problem with believing that social stratification is based on intelligence? Definition Intelligence is a social construct Term What founder of modern statistics and eugenics believed that "genius," "mediocrity," and "imbecility" are all physically visible? Definition Francis Galton Term Who believed that mental characteristics are inherited in the same way as physical characteristics? Definition Karl Pearson Term Who was the founder of the idea of general intelligence, or the g factor? Definition Charles Spearman Term What are some characteristics of the culture of poverty? Definition generalized reciprocity childcare by 3-4 different adults couples not married until financially stable drugs perform economic, psychological, and social functions (and costs) Term What were Malinowski's ideas about social hierarchy? Definition Believed it had positive contributions for esp. larger society, such as centralized leadership and a structure for posterity Term What were Evans-Pritchard's views on social structure?   Hint: studied the Nuer in Sudan who were a large group with no central leader Definition Formed idea of structural opposition, whereby a person can act according to family, clan, or village membership according to need.  This mitigated the need for social hierarachy. Term What were Morton Fried and Elman Service's ideas about societal ranking? Definition Evolutionary perspective! as resources get scarce and societies get larger, ranked societies emerge where access to rank, status, and power is limited (but not necessarily goods and services) Term What is an egalitarian society? Definition there is no formalized difference in power over basic resources among its members status is achieved, not ascribed Term What is a subsistence economy? Definition Organized at the household level to meet basic needs Term What is a political economy? Definition Regulates flow of goods into large multi-family settings and supports existing power relationships Term What is a headman, and what is an example of one? Definition headman = relatively powerless figure, incapable of compelling obedience his achieved status is acquired through talents, efforts, and accomplishments he convinces society to mobilize (must be motivational and charismatic) must set an example for hard work and generosity   example: leopard skin chief of the Nuer of Sudan Term What are sodalities? Definition non-kinship based groups that span several villages and serve widely different functions Term What differs in warfare conduct between hunter-gatherer societies and sedentary village societies? Definition hunter-gatherer societies often retire from the field after 1-2 casualties (the cumulative effect of which may be considerable, since they live in such small groups) sedentary village societies have a larger investment in their environment and are more likely to defend their territory and take land/resources from the defeated group Term What is a major correlational factor with patriarchal societies? Definition Men's control over goods exchanged with people outside the family/scarce items Term What are some reasons the male monopoly on big-game hunting (which contributes heavily to their monopoly on society) has gone unchallenged? Definition 1) variability in supply of game 2) different skills required from hunting and gathering 3) incompatibility between carrying burdens and hunting (WOMEN HAVE BABIES) 4) small size of nomadic foraging populations (couldn't afford a specialized force) Term What is a central difference between the organization of Eskimo society and the Hadza of Tanzania? Definition Eskimo hunt/fish throughout the year, and women collect no food of their own.  They are treated almost exclusively as objects to be used, abused, & traded by men. In the Hadza, women and men work alone to feed themselves and experience relative equality based on this independence Term What does Shweder & Bourne's idea of the egocentric view of self consist of? Definition Each person is a replica of all humanity, capable of acting independently from others. Social relations are between autonomous beings. Term What does Shweder & Bourne's idea of the sociocentric view of self consist of?   Give an example of a sociocentric society Definition Self is an entity only within the roles occupied by the person. There are no intrinsic qualities, like generosity or beauty.   example = Japanese culture Term What is the difference between positive and negative identity? Definition positive identity = ascribing desirable characteristics to self negative identity = ascribing negative characteristics to others Term What is phallocentrism? Definition Using sex and debasement of women to demonstrate masculinity Term What are Sherry Ortner's views on identity? Definition 1) "person" is a concept based on culture 2) people act out individuality within certain fields (practice produces identity) 3) dialectical relationship between culture & agency Term What are Margaret Mead's ideas of culture and personality? Definition Cultural ideas are inculcated in children and child-rearing practices Term What cultural theorist believed that identity is formulated from a blank slate and examined the relationship between agency and structure? Definition Pierre Bourdieu Term What are some examples of ways society tries to control women? Definition Apache society = puberty ceremonies menstrual seclusion burqas Term What is the Native American concept of berdarsh? Definition Someone biologically male but who chooses to take on societal role of women, sometimes even living with a man without having sex with him (an out for someone not so testosterone-driven) culturally legitimate, considered divinely-inspired and revered Term What is a major source of gender role confusion for American men? Definition Their simultaneous requirement to be strong, courageous, stoic, and aggressive but also sensitive, understanding, and nurturing Term How do the Kohistani of Pakistan reinforce violence in conflict resolution? Definition they make it part of a code of honor: any threat against a man's honor results in a major escalation violation and continuous retaliation Term How do the Ju/Wasi create a bias against violence in their society? Definition 1) strong emphasis on sharing and cooperation (owner of a killing arrow owns the meat but must distribute it) 2) downplaying individual accomplishments (arrogance is ridiculed) 3) ceremony (trance dance with healing powers that also heals social strife) Term What are Hobbes's ideas as related to violence? Definition Believes humans in their natural state are driven by greed and a quest for gain, and are naturally inclined toward violence Term What are the four assumptions Hugh Gusterson found that "nuclear realists" make to justify the production of WMDs? Definition 1) international politics are in a state of anarchy 2) status must rely only on self-help for protection 3) nuclear weapons are the ultimate form of self-help 4) anarchic international relations are unsolvable Term What did Carol Cohn find when studying nuclear scientists? Definition they employ only the euphemistic language of technostrategic-- distancing and distorting Term How do the Kpelle avoid social conflict? Definition the "moot" = takes place in front of an ad hoc group at complainant's house usually to resolve a domestic problem mediator chosen by complainant each side gives testimony and questions the other lively, uninhibited, interrupting mediator gives group consensus at-fault apologizes Term What are the particular benefits of the Kpelle moot? Definition full airing of grievances occurs soon after breach has occurred (no grudge yet) familiar surroundings larger range of relevance more likely to reach a consensual solution