Details Title: ANT 2511 - Exam 2 Description: Pete Sinelli, UCF, Fall 2009 Total Flash Cards: 43 Created: 10/14/2009 05:29:44		New Users: To study from this flashcard set, or to create your own your own study flash cards, REGISTER HERE. Existing Users: CLICK HERE. Additional Anthropology Flashcards
Cards in this set: Term Genetic Drift: Definition Changes in allele frequencies produced by random factors. This occurs when there is no gene flow. (If your deme is too small, you're not getting genes from the outside.) Term Recombination AKA "Crossing Over": Definition happens at sub-cellular level, with chromosomes. The exchange of genetic material between homologous chromosomes during meiosis--exchange segments. Ex:)Stack of blue legos and stack of white legos replicate for meiosis. Leads to 4 possibilities: 1)All White 2)All Blue 3)White w/Blue on bottom 4) Blue w/White on bottom. Term Speciation: Definition Production of new species through gradual transformation or the splitting of existing species into other species. Term Extinction: Definition Loss of a species. When its gene pool no longer exists. Term Extirpation: Definition The disappearance of a local population/deme. Ex:) Orchid type lives on Hawaii and Oahu. Hawaii gets eaten by lava. The deme of that orchid is gone from Hawaii but is not extinct because it still lives on Oahu. Term Phyletic Gradualism: Definition Darwin's idea of slow, gradual change over long periods of time. Primarily driven by natural selection. Small changes over time so that in the end they produce something new. Where is the dividing line? When did "Species A" become "Species B"? Sometimes requires an arbitrary subdivision. Term Punctuated Equilibrium: Definition Evolution proceeds by long periods of stasis punctuated by rapid periods of change (Stop & Go). Rapid change, then stable environment. Loop cycle. Term Adaptive Radiation: [leads to...] (Allopatric Speciation) Definition Diversification of a species into two or more as groups adapt to different environments. A form of evolution. Adaptive radiation can occur through *Phyletic Gradualism* or through *Punctuated Equilibrium*. Also leads to *Allopatric Speciation*. Ex:) Darwin's Finches Term Allopatric Speciation: Definition New species through the splitting or branching of existing species. Term Natural Selection--How it operates on the 4 factors. Definition Mutation, Gene Flow, Genetic Drift, Stochastic Accident (Volcano killing Hawaii), and Recombination all lead to variation. These combine to provide variation and distribute genes in populations. Populations adapt due to Natural Selection. It causes directional change in gene frequency relative to specific environmental factors. Term Sickle Cell Anemia: Definition Causes red blood cells to become stuck in capillaries, which deprives the downstream tissues of oxygen. Term Malaria & Balanced Polymorphism: Definition 20% of people in Western & Central Africa carry the Sickle Cell Gene as a naturally selected way of being more resistant to Malaria. Malaria kills millions annually when parasites from infected mosquitoes invade RBCs where they obtain oxygen needed for reproduction. In heterozygotes (HB^s) that carry the Sickle Cell Gene, the RBCs do not provide a conducive environment for the parasite to reproduce. This leads to higher reproductive success for those who carry the Sickle Cell Gene than those with normal hemoglobin. People who have at 1 copy of this gene are more resistant than those who don't have this gene and will live longer on average. This is also known as *Differential Fitness*. Balanced Polymorphism is the maintenance of two or more alleles in a population due to the selective advantage of the heterozygote. Term What is the full title of the lemur movie and who is the host? Definition "Lemurs with John Cleese", John Cleese Term Where do lemurs live, when did they get there, and which species was the host looking for? Definition Lemurs live in Madagascar and first existed about 60 million years ago. John Cleese was looking for Ring-Tailed Lemurs. Term Why do lemurs need protection? Definition Deforestation and the destruction of lemurs' natural habitats are the main reason. Also, hunting/poaching. Term What is morphology? Definition The form (shape & size) of anatomical structures; can also refer to the entire organism. Term Primitive Traits vs. Derived Traits Definition Primitive: Basic feature retained from ancestors. Derived (modified): Referring to characters that are modified from the ancestral condition and thus are diagnostic of particular evolutionary lineages. Term Specialized (Derived) Features: Definition Evolved for a particular function; usually refers to a specific trait (e.g., incisor teeth), but may also refer to the entire way of life of an organism. Specialized Features include: -erect posture -prehensile hand with 5 digits, fingernails, and fingerprints -generalized dentition -bigger brains with enhanced visual and cerebral cortex -fewer offspring (k-selected) with longer period of child care and maturation -sexual dimorphism Term The Tertiary Period (65 m.y.a. to 2 m.y.a.) Definition Includes: Paleocene - small mammals (65-54 m.y.a.) Eocene - prosimian-like primates (54-36 m.y.a.) Oligocene - first anthropoids (36-23 m.y.a.) Miocene - homonoids widespread (23-5 m.y.a.) Pliocene - first hominoids (5-2 m.y.a.) Term Paleocene Definition small mammals (65-54 m.y.a.) Term Eocene Definition prosimian-like primates (54-36 m.y.a.) Term Oligocene Definition first anthropoids (36-23 m.y.a.) Term Miocene Definition hominoids widespread (23-5 m.y.a.) Term Pliocene Definition first hominoids (5-2 m.y.a.) Term Miocene Apes & Modern Relatives Definition 1.) African forms: -23 to 14 m.y.a. -Western Kenya -generalized, primitive hominoids -Proconsul::Monkey -linked by: teeth 2.) European forms: -16 to 11 m.y.a. -France, Spain, Italy, Greece, Austria, Germany, and Hungary -quite derived -best known forms are classified as Dryopithecus -Hungarian and Greek fossils usually assigned to other genera (Ouranopithecus [9-10 m.y.a.]) -linked with: African ape-hominid group 3.) Asian forms: -15 to 7 m.y.a. -largest & most varied group -dispersed from Turkey through India/Pakistan and east to the highly prolific site Lufeng, in S. China -highly derived -Sivapithecus (from Turkey & Pakistan) -Lufengpithecus (from Lufeng, S. China) -Linked to::Orangutans Term Miocene Apes (in general) Definition &-Hominoids--more closely related to ape-human lineage than to Old World monkeys -Mostly related to the lineages of large-bodied hominoids (Orangutans, Gorillas, Chimpanzees, and Humans) than to smaller-bodied apes (Gibbons) -Most discovered thus far are so derived that they are probably NOT ancestral to ANY living form -The Sivapithecus lineage from Turkey Pakistan is a well-established lineage that shows highly-derived facial features similar to modern Orangutans, suggesting a fairly close evolutionary link -Evidence of *definite* hominids from the Miocene has not yet been indisputably confirmed. However, new discoveries strongly suggest that hominids diverged sometime in the latter Miocene. Term Tertiary Period Definition Time of the mammal--explosion of mammalian evolution. Term Paleocene Primates (paleo::old) Definition -65 to 54 m.y.a. -earliest primates appear at the end -developed arboreal adaptations and traits (stereoscopic vision & grasping hands and feet) to exploit the arboreal lifestyle/environment Term Eocene Primates Definition -54 to 36 m.y.a. -Prosimians rule early, then decline as Monkeys (anthropoids) appear and out-compete them -Modern Prosimian adaptations reflect this in the fact that they are now nocturnal to avoid monkeys Term Oligocene Primates ("period of the monkey") Definition -35 to 23 m.y.a. -Monkeys (anthropoids) rule -Two Families: 1.) Parapithecids- New World Monkeys 2.) Propliopithecids- Old World Monkeys (Apes & Humans) Term EARLY Miocene Apes Definition -23 to 5 m.y.a. -Apes rule (Old World Primate) -Proconsul: African Ape. Most sucessful group of early Miocene. Teeth and skulls like apes, bodies like monkeys. Last to share a common ancestor of OWM and apes. Monkeys have tails, apes do not. Term LATER Miocene Apes Definition -Pierolapithecus: Last common ancestor of humans and the Great Apes. (13 m.y.a.) -Sivapithecus: Ancestral to modern Orangutans. Found in Northern India and Pakistan. (14-7 m.y.a.) -Gigantopithecus: Largest primate ever. May have co-existed with Homo erectus. (5 m.y.a. - 400,000 y.a.) Term Camels & Horses... Definition evolved here in the Americas. They crossed the landbridge and migrated to Asia, they then went extinct here. Modern horses/camels have Asian ancestry. Term Prosimians & Monkeys (all primitive primates) Definition -Prosimians are the most primitive primates. -Prosimians include: lemurs, lorises, galagos, and tarsiers -Simian means monkey -Characteristics: --Similar in structure to early mammals --increased olfaction (sense of smell) ---long muzzle which enhances nasal cavity ---rhinarium: moist, hairless nose that enhances sense of smell --mark territory --dental comb: 6 teeth in front stick out; used for grooming --Dental formula: 2133/2133 Term Dental Formulas & Eye Orbits Definition -maxilla: top set of teeth in skull -mandible: bottom set of teeth in jaw -Incisors, Canines, Premolars, Molars -Prosimians and NWM: 2133 -Apes, Humans, and OWM: 2123 -All primates have solid eye orbits. Term Solitary (Noyau) Primates Definition -primitive, nocturnal primates -Pottos, Galapagos, Lorises, Tarsiers, and some Lemurs -Basic Unit = Individual Female and Offspring -Individual Males have ranges that overlap several adult female ranges -ALL PRIMATES ARE TERRITORIAL Term Aye Ayes Definition -Large ears -Continuously growing incisors -Elongated digits of the hand (especially middle finger) -Nocturnal -Omnivorous -Solitary -Dental Formula: 1013/1003 Term Lorises & Pottos Definition -India, Asia, and Africa -Pottos: only in Africa -Herbivores and Insectivores -Nocturnal -Slow-moving quadruped Term Galapagos AKA Bush Babies Definition -Africa -Nocturnal -Quadrupedal climbing -Frugivorous (fruit eaters) Term Tarsiers Definition -SE Asia islands -Very specialized -Rat/Squirrel sized -Difficult to classify --Vertical Climbers & Leapers ---Lower limb adaptations --Nocturnal ---Large eyes ----No tapetum Lucidum--helps night vision (humans lack these too) ----Little movement of eyes -----Must move entire head 180 degrees -Lack rhinarium (wet nose) -Can fold ears -No dental comb -Grooming claws on digits 2 & 3 -Only exclusive carnivorous primate --Insects mainly; may include small vertebrates too --Scan & Pounce! -Park their babies Term Anthropoids (Monkeys, Apes, and Humans) Definition -Larger body size & brain -No rhinarium (wet, hairless nose) -More complex social systems -Complete rotation of eyes to front of skull -Longer periods of gestation & maturation -Less-specialized dentition Term Platyrrhines (All NWM) Definition -Broad, widely-flaring noses with outward-facing nostrils -South & Central America -Dental Formula: 2133/2133 Term Catarrhines (OWM, Apes, & Humans) Definition -Narrower noses with downward-facing nostrils -Africa & SE Asia -Dental Formula: 2123/2123